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A curated narrative reconstruction of humanity's first great civilization, sourced from the tablets themselves. Open scholarship, beautifully accessible.

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Religion & Myth Law Economy Astronomy & Mathematics Daily Life Writing & Literature

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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Editorial Sumerian literature Sumerian royal Assyrian royal Assyrian archives

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Page 4 / 55

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/09

[...] [...] NI~a [...] [...] 2 , [type/commodity: ISZ~b?] 2 , X [...] [...] , [...] 1 , GIR3~c [foot-delivery / movement notation] 1 , U2~b GIR3@g~b [plant/pasture + foot notation] 2 [...] , [...] NI~a[?] 1 , LA2 TUG2~a? [hanging/weighing + garment?] 1 , NE~a [...] [fire/fuel commodity?] 6 , X [...] 2 , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] |SZE~a.NAM2| SAG [barley/grain (NAM2) — chief/first-quality or head-count] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/10

[...] [...] X [...] IDIGNA (Tigris) ME~a X fish [AD~a] large [...] [...] X [...] [...] [...] AN UR5~a A 3(N57) NAM2 DI 1(N57) BA [...] [...] [...] [...] 1(N14)# [...] 1(N14)# 2(N01)? [...] 6(N01)# [...] [...] [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/12

[...] 1, X [...] 1, NIM~b2 [...] [...] 2, GI6 A [...] [...], AN [...] 1, [E2~b] X [...] [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/13

[...] , [...] (unclear sign) [...] , [...] eggs/spawn(?) — temple administrator(?) [...] , [...] (unclear sign) 3(N01)[?] , [...] (unclear sign) — NI~a — junior/small [...] , [...] [...] , [...] city/settlement

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/14

[...] , [...] 2(N01) , [house/storehouse]? brought/delivered — male workers [...] , X [...] [...] , [...] remainder/left-behind? X X 1(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] X 4(N01) [...] , [lord/EN-official] approached/TE [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/15

[...] , wool 1 , garment 1 , linen cloth 1 , [...] 4[...] , [...] 2 , linen cloth 1 [...] , 1(N57) woman [ration?] [...] , foot/delivery — priest/official [...] [...] , [...] X ration? [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/16

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] |LAGAB~a×SI|(?) 3(N01) , LAL2~a(?) GI(?) 2(N01) , 4(N57) ZATU759 E2~a 2(N01) , NI~a TUR 1(N01) , ISZ~b BU~a 1(N14) 3(N08)(?) [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2843

4 ewes (U8) 7 nanny-goats (UD5) 11 [young?] female sheep (UTUA) 16 rams (UDUNITA) 11 [animals of category] NUN [3]8 goats (MASZ2) [1×60 + 2×10 + 7 =] 87 sheep (UDU) — 1 [large unit] disbursed (BA) [total/summary line]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/01

2, temple-administrator [+RAD~a] [...], [...] 1, NA2~a AB~a 2, house(?) PA~a [...], [...] [...], [...] GIR3@g~c SZUBUR SIG RAD~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/02

[...] [...] SAG[?] X [...] [...] X [...] [...] X [...] 4 (units) [?] [...] 5 (units) X TUR [...] SI |(U8xTAR)~b| AL[?] [...] [...] temple-administrator TE RAD[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/05

[...] , [...] [...] 2 , [...] [...] , [...] 3 , X [...] [...] , [...] 2 , [...] 1 , [...] 1 , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/09

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] 1(N50) 4(N45)[?] [...] , [...] 1(N63) 1(N50) 4(N48) 7(N34)[?] [...] , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/16

[...] , [...] X [...] , [...] (building/house sign) [...] , X AN GUB3~a 1 , beer (KAŠ~c) [+] 1(N04) AN , TE ŠUBUR 1 , GUG2 (grain product?) [+] NI~a [...] , [...] 1(?) , ŠA3~a1(?) [...] 1 , AN SAGŠU 1 , beer (KAŠ~c) bird(s) goat AN NI~a 1 , AN NI~a X [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/17

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] house(?) X [...] , [...] [...] , X AN roe/egg-sign 1 , vessel/boat(?) fat/oil(?) 1 , mouth/opening(?) water(?) [...] , [...] 1(?) , [...] given/dedicated(?) 1 , fat/oil(?) water(?) 1 , fish(?) sky/An [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/02

[...] , [...] [...] , UTUA~a (oven/furnace?) 1(N14) , UDUNITA~a (male sheep/ram) 2(N14) 7(N01) [= 27 units] , NUN~b (quality/type designator) [...] SIG RAD~a [...] (wool/fine [commodity] + [process/title]) 1(N34) 2(N14) [...] , [...] sheep [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/03

[...] , [...] 2 (units) , LAL2~a NE~a 3 (units) , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N34) 2(N14) 3(N01) [?], [...] URU~a1 BU~a PA~a [...] , [...] A [...] , [...] AN X ŠUBUR [...] , [...] APIN~b [...] , [...] X NI~a U4 [...] , [...] X PAP~a SAL [...] , [...] X NI~a MA [...] , [...] X ŠUBUR [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/04

[...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X SZUBUR EN [ZATU624~b?] NU [...] , RU KI [...] , [...] , URU~a1 [...] , [...] 1(N14) 7(N01) [...] , X [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/05

[...] , [...] 1(N50) 5(N14) , male workers (from the) highland/foreign land, plant/fodder [...] 4(N14) 5(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] 3(N34) 5(N01) , sheep [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/07

41 [units of] barley (?) — head/person — RAD~a [...] — [...] ~90 [units] — |3(N57).E2~b| KITI 62 [units] — |E2~a×3(N58)| ZATU795 LAM~b [...] ~11 [units + mixed signs] — [...] X [...] — [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/08

3(N14) [large quantity], SU~a PAP~a[?] 4(N01)[?] [...], X [...] 4(N01), X X 1(N01), SZA[?] 1(N01), DI[?] 1(N01)[?], X 1(N01)[?] [...], [...] [...], [...] 1(N34) 3(N14) 2(N01)[?], sheep (UDU~a × TAR) TAK4~a X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/10

[...] [...] [...] 1 (unit), UTUA (oven/kiln?) 1(N14) 7(N01) (= 17 units), NUN~b (a quality/category marker?) 7 (units), UDUNITA~a (oven/furnace unit?) 9 (units) [uncertain], MASZ2 (goats) [blank / sub-total line], |SZE~a.NAM2| [grain allocation?] 3 (units), UDU~a (sheep) [blank] 5(N14) 1(N01) (= 51 large units), [...] LAGAB~a DUB~a [uncertain] [...] [...] X 3 (units), BAR (half-portions / disbursed share)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/14

[...] , [...] 1(N01) , NI [GISZ-wood product] 1(N01) , [ZATU694] beer [...] , [...] beer [...] 2(N01) , KUR-mountain(?) herb/plant(?) copper copper 2(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] 3(N01) , male workers lion(?) 1(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] mouth/opening(?) [...] , [...] 3(N57)? [EN2.E2]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/17

[...] , [...] 2 ewes 22 she-goats (nanny-goats) 1 ram (UTUA) 6 rams (NUN~b type) 1 wether (castrated ram) 1 goat (MASZ2) [3]3 sheep [...] , hands/receipt — ox , [received/disbursed] — MUNSZUB — ox — place [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/21

[...] [...] [...] [...] [...] [...] SI# LU2 1(N01) , MAR~a I 1(N01) , SZIR~b NI~a [...] [...] X AN [...] [...] [...] [...] 2(N01)# , NUN~b [...] 1(N01)# , UDUNITA~a# [...] [...] KISZ# [...] [...] KISZ# [...] 2(N14)# , [...] [...] 2(N01)# , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/23

[...] , [...] IB~a URI3~a 3(N01) , [...] X [...] , [...] 1(N57) BA X SIG 2(N01) , X 1(N01)[?] [...] , NUN~a[?] [...] [...] , [...] DA~a[?] 1(N01) , U2~b NUNUZ~a1 , NAM2[?] KAB[?] [...] , [...] IB~a[?] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X NI~a MA [...] , [...] A[?] GA2~a2[?] [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/27

[...] 1 , X [...] 1 , SZUBUR RAD~a 7 , [commodity?] 1 , E2~b KI [...] 2 , [...] 2 , [...] 2 , X [...] 1 [...] , [...] [...] , [...] AL 2(N57) MUN~a1 [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/28

[...] , [...] [...] , 2(N57) PA~a UR3~b2 [...] , [...] [...] , 1(N57) PAP~a SU~a 7(N01) , BA 6(N01) , GI [5(N01)] , [KALAM~b] 1(N14) 8(N01) , [...] DU TE [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2868

8(N34), NUNUZ — [commodity: |ŠE.NAM2|] 8(N34), GA (large?) [commodity] 3(N34), NAM2 PA RAD X [...] 2(N34), DI RAD 1(N34), GIR3 4(N14), NUNUZ — 3(N57) |EN2.E2| 1(N01), EŠDA 2(N48) 2(N34) 4(N14), NUNUZ — NE [...] SANGA — TE RAD

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/01

1 [unit] — lion? (PIRIG), sheep (UDU), storehouse (E2), PAP-official, body/hide (SU) [...] — [...] [...] — [...] 1 [unit] — PAP-official, body/hide (SU) 1 [unit] — male workers (ERIM) [blank?] — PAP-official, body/hide (SU) [...] — [...] 4 [units] — NE [fire/fuel?], place (KI) 7 [units] — BU [plant/commodity?], place (KI) 6 [units] — TUR [small/young?], NI [oil/fat?] [...] — [...] barley (SZE)? [...] — [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/03

[...] basket(?) / barley / grass(fodder?) [...] 1 (unit), sky/An / male-workers / lion(PIRIG) [...] 1 (unit), fish / male-workers / goat [...] male-workers / lion(PIRIG) [...] [...] [...] [...] goat / place/origin [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/04

9(N01) , [...] RU[?] 3(N01) , MAR~a DA~a AN 3(N01) [...] , X X [...] [...] 2(N01)[?] , X [...] 1(N01)[?] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1(N57) BA[?] [...] , X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/05

[...] [...] [...] [...] X [...] [...] X [...] [...] SA~a(?) [...] [...] X [...] [...] [...] [...] 3 , person(?) — RU — musician/singer 1 , [ZATU823] 1 , NI~a — fish — NA~b 1 , MAR~a(?) X [...] [...] [...] [...] , [furnace/oven type?] [...] , NUN~b(?) [...] 1 , goat

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/06

[...] [...]\n[...] [...] she-goat(?)\n[...] [...] ram\n[...] [...]\n[...] 1 [...] X\n— settlement(?) / person-category\n1 — ewe(?)\n3 — ram(s)\n2 — [NUN~b: quality/type marker?]\n[...] 1 [...]\n[...] [...]\n[...] [...]\n[...] [...]\n[...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/08

[...] , [...] 1(N01), SU~a PIRIG~b1 EN~a [U2~b] [...] , NUNUZ~a1 NI~a [...] 1(N01) , [X] DA~a [X] [...] 1(N01) , [X] [...] 1(N01) , [X] [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/09 + MS 2869/10

[...] 1(N01)[?], [...] 1(N57) salt 2(N01), builder/mason [SZIDIM] [...] 1(N01), vizier [SUKKAL] [...] 1(N01), [sign X] [...] 5(N01)[?] [...], [...] 3(N14)[?] [sign X] [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/15

[...] , [...] wool? [...] , [...] (hand/receipt)? [...] , [...] , ewe , she-goat 1(N01) [...] , X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 2(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/17

[...] , [...] X [...] , [...] garment/cloth [...] , [...] X male workers [...] , [...] [...] 1 unit , [...] X 2 units , BAN~b [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/18

[...] , [...] 1(N14) 4(N01) , [...] 1(N14) 4(N01) , UDUNITA — [male sheep/rams] [...] , NUN~b — [prince/quality marker/Eridu-type?] [...] , [...] [...] 2(N34) 5(N14) 5(N01) , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/19

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X 1 , X , plow 2 , plow X 1 , bird(s) [under/with] AN 1 , sheep X X 1 , [NI] X [SA] , [...] [...] 2 , [...] , [...] [...] 1 , [...] , HI plow [disbursement/allotment] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/22

4(N01) , [...] 3(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] 2(N01) , [...] 5(N01)? , [...] X 3(N01) , X male-workers 1(N01) [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] , [quality/type?] X [...] [...] , [...] 1(N14) 6(N01) [...] , goats [...] , [...] woman/female [...] PAP~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/23

[...] , [...] [...] , [lance/spear sign?] SI[?] [...] , X SAG-ŠU[?] [...] , [...] AL[?] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01)[?] , ŠU[?] X 1(N01) , KA~a beer MA 2(N01) , beer MA [...] 2(N01) , AN [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/25

[...] , [...] 1(N01) , EN [X] [...] 1(N01) , X [...] 1(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] (blank) , AB NUNUZ

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/28

[...] , [...] 2 , X SAL [...] 1 , [ZATU628~b] [...] 1 , [...] 1 , [...] [...] , [...] , APIN~a GIR3~c ZATU839 [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/29

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] 1(N01) , KU~b1 NI~a [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01) , [...] 2(N01) , X [...] 1(N01) , X [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/31

[...] [...] 1(N01) [...] [...] 1(N01) [...] [...] 1(N01) [...] [...] [...] 1(N14) 3(N01) [...] PAP~a X X MUN~a [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/32

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X 1(N01)# [...] , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , X [...] [...] , ZATU628~a# [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] AB~a# TE# [...] , [...] TUM~a [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/34

[...] , [...] [...] 1 (unit), GI6 OX BEER [vessel?] BELLY/INTERIOR [...] , [...] DU NI [...] , [...] X 1 (unit), SAG-SZU AN [...] , [...] [...] , [...] GOAT [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/36

[...] , [...] field/enclosure? [...] , [...] field/enclosure? [...] , [...] field/enclosure? 1(N01)[?] , [...] X 1(N01) , vessel (DUG~b type)[?] [...] 1(N01)[?] , X [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2964

1(N45) 5(N34) — barley (SZE3) 1(N45) 3(N48) 3(N34) 5(N14) — [commodity: ZATU837~a] 1(N48) 8(N34) 3(N14) 6(N01) — [commodity: ZATU837~b] 1(N48) 8(N34) 1(N14) 2(N01) — barley (SZE3) 3(N45) 1(N48) 5(N34) 4(N14) — [total / summary line?]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2997

[...] , [...] [...] , [EN~a] TE [...] , [...] 1 , SI KU~b1 PA~a E2~b 1 , SI4 GI IN~b AN PA~a [...] , KALAM~a PA~a BU~a 1 , SI LAGAB~a AN SAG GI [...] , [...] 40 , SI4 [EN~a] RAD~a [...]

1…3 4 5…55