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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3002

2(N14) 4(N01) [= 24 units], barley — AN, PIRIG~b1 1(N14) 4(N01) [= 14 units], MUD — NUN~a 1(N14) 4(N01) [= 14 units], LUM — MA 3(N14) 1(N01) [= 31 units], DAR~b — PAP~a 2(N14) 2(N01) [= 22 units], PAP~a — PIRIG~b1 1(N14) 4(N01) [= 14 units], KI[?] — GAL~a DU 2(N14) 3(N01) [= 23 units], BU~a[?] — DU 3(N14) 2(N01) [= 32 units], SAL 4(N14) [= 40 units], SZAB~a [blank / summary line] 2(N45) 3(N14) [large total], barley — GIBIL U4 — PAP~a IB~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3004

3 [units] — barley, MUD, NUN 2[large units] 1[medium unit] — X, new/fresh 1 [unit] — X, PAP 1 [unit] — X, DAR Total: 5 [units] 2[large units] 1[medium unit] — [day/sun], barley, new/fresh, PAP, IB

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3150

7 [units], BA SAL KIŠ 6 [units], interior/heart 2 [units], |U4×4(N57)| 2 [units], |U4×3(N57)| 6 [units], |U4×2(N57)| 5 [units], |U4×1(N57)| 2 [units], NINDA2[?] [...] X X 2 [units], |U4×1(N57)| PAP~a[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3152

7 [animals], sheep (UTUA~a) 4 [animals], rams (UDUNITA~a) 1 [animal], [quality/type: NUN~b] 2 [animals], large (GAL~a) billy-goat(s) 2 [animals], [|U4x2(N57)|] goat(s) [entry:] GA2~a1 ZATU647 NUN~a, foot-delivery, GURUSZDA~a 16 [animals total], sheep (UDU~a) ZATU647 GA2~a1 NUN~a, foot-delivery, GURUSZDA~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3153

2(N34) 5(N14) — KUR~a, KISZ 3(N34) 2(N14) 3(N01) — KISZ, SAL 5(N34) 2(N14) 1(N01) — EN~a 5(N14) 2(N01) — ERIM~a 6(N34) 1(N14) 3(N01) — KISZ

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3158

4 calves 2 [units of] GESZTU~b (ear? / craft item?) 2 GAL UR3~b1 (large ...?) 1 |EN~a×NUN~a| (lord/high official?) 2 MAR~a (implement / shovel?) 3 GAN2 (field units?) 2 |SZU2×EN~a| 1 TUKU [1 large unit +] 1, |GA2~b×X| [2 large units +] 4, BA? (disbursement?) [5 large units +] 2, KISZ SIG2~d2 BA (combed/fine wool — disbursed?)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3164

[N] , [...] [N] , [...] 1(N01) , [...] 1(N01) , [...] 1(N01) , [...] 1(N01) , MAR~a [N] , EN~a [...] [N] , [...] 1(N14) , KIŠ |BU~a+DU6~a| ERIN EN~a X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3197a

14 (units), SAL (woman/female) — KISZ 13 (units), KUR~a (foreign/highland?) — KISZ 21 (units), |EZEM~axX| (festival/ration category?) — KISZ [subtotal marker] ZATU758 48 (units), [KISZ] X TAK4~a SZITA@g~a MAR~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3882

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] (sign uncertain) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] (sign uncertain) [...] , [...] (sign uncertain) [...] , SAL[?] (sign uncertain) [...] 1(N14)[?] , SAL (sign uncertain) [...] [...] , [...] 1(N48)[?] 3(N34) 5(N14)[?] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] (signs uncertain) (signs uncertain)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3884

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [ŠUBUR?] [...] , [...] KU X [...] , [...] 1(N34) , X X 1(N34)[?] , X [DUB?] X 2(N34) , cattle-pen / cow / temple-administrator 2(N14)[?] [...] , IB [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N34) 1(N14) , BA[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3885

3(N14) [large units], DUG~a RAD~a 2(N14) 2(N01) [= 22], KITI 3(N01), ZATU795 LAM~b[?] 2(N01), E2~b PA~a 8(N01), RAD~a (totaled/grouped) 6(N01), AB~b NUNUZ~a1 5(N01), LAGAR~a — [Total:] 1(N34) 1(N14) 6(N01) [large sum], DUG~a PAP~a SU~a RAD~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4459

[...] [...]\n[...] 4(N14) [...] | [...] she-goat(s) clay/tablet(?)\n2(N14) | she-goat(s) clay/tablet(?) small/junior house(?)\n1(N14) | clay/tablet(?) lord/EN prince/NUN X\n7(N14) | [...]\n[...] | [...]\n[...] | [...] X\n[blank] | clay/tablet(?) branch/overseer ZATU669 IB\nX [...] | clay/tablet(?) X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4460

[...] , [...] 4(N01) , [X] ERIM~a[?] 1(N01) , [X] [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01) , [...] 2(N01) , [...] 2(N01) , [X] [...] , [X X] [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 28 , [NE~a?] [...] fish [...] [...] , [...] 24 , fish PAP~a SU~a 38[+?] [...] , [...] [...] 22[?] [...] , RAD~a [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4461

[...] 1 unit, linen cloth 1 unit, [X] wool [...], [...] wool [...], [...] [...], [...] X bird ZATU659 A |ŠITA×ŠU2| [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4462

[...] , [...] [...] 2 , [...] sun/day [...] 2 , plow [...] 9 , [sign group: NA AN DI AN] [...] 3 , [...] [leather/hide object?] 1 , lion-[type] + troops/enemy 3 , garden + [garden with grain?] [...] 1 , [...] head [...] 1 , DA + [ZATU710] , standard/pole + IB [...] 6 , ewes 4(×10) 6 [= 46] , she-goats [...] , [...] [...] 4 [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4463

2 units — wool/fine goods [processing term RAD~a] [...] — [...] [enclosure/cowshed sign with internal element]#? [...] — [...] 2 units#? [...] — [...] [...] — [...] [...] 1 large unit#? [...] 1 unit#? — [...] [...] 1 unit#? — [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4483

3 [units], rations allocated 1 [large unit], 4 [fractional units], rations allocated 5 [units], [type of] fish, measured 1 [unit], donkey? / sheep? 1 [unit], [commodity], measured 5 [units], fish, measured 1 [unit], [sign DU8, function unclear] 2 [units], [compound sign SZAxHI, meaning unclear] [MU BA — 'year of disbursement' / distribution notation] [remainder lost or blank]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4486

Obverse (Face A): [Large quantity] + [intermediate quantity] + [large quantity] + [mid-order quantity] + [mid-order quantity], barley 2 [units], carp — disbursed 3 [units], 4 [fractional units] carp [Mid-order count] + [unit] + [mid-order count], MU — brother/kin; great GIR 2 [units], brother/kin ZATU714 [fish product/sub-category] 3 [mid-order units] [...], brother/kin — great [...], [...] carp? fish Reverse (Face B): 20 [units], cowshed — fish + fish — 1 [higher unit] 1 [unit], ZATU846 — 1 [higher unit] 2 [units], KI@n — female duck/goose 1 [unit], sheep — [great × X] 1 [mid-order unit], co…

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4489

3 [units N01], ZATU710 2(N39~a) 1(N24) — cow/cattle? [LAGAB×BIR3?] — ration-allocation (GAR) 1(N24) — BAR[?] — [ŠAxHI~a]? — barley[?] 2(N39~a) 1(N24) — cow/cattle? [LAGAB×BIR3?] — ration-allocation (GAR) 1(N39~a) — GUG2? 1(N24) — [ŠAxHI~a] — HI~a 3 [units N01] — ZATU710 SI ME~a 1(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39~a) — barley 4(N39~a) — HI~a 1(N14) 2(N01) 1(N39~a) — barley, HI~a, fish, courtyard/threshing floor

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4493

25 ewes (U8) 25 wethers/male sheep (UDUNITA) 20 she-goats (UD5) 2[+x ...] | [large number] × 1 | BAR KIR11 [damaged category of sheep] [...] BAR highland lamb (KUR~a SILA4~c) [...] 5 goats (MASZ2) ZI~a UB [disbursement/subtraction notation] ZATU624~c NU DA~a ZATU752 [blank / total line]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4495

Face (obverse): [Upper register:] 1(N46) 3(N20) 3(N05) 3(N42~a) 1(N25) — barley [Lower register:] 8(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a) — HI@g~a [+damaged sign] Reverse: [Upper register:] 1(N46)# 3(N20)# 3(N05)# 3(N42~a)# 1(N25)# — barley# [Middle register:] 8(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a) — HI@g~a [Lower/final register:] 2(N46) 1(N20)? 5(N05)? 1(N42~a)? 1(N25)# — [HI@g~a]# barley# [disbursed]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4496

3(N14) [X] barley(?) UR5~a — received (SZU) 2(N14) 1(N01) — distributed (BA) 1(N01) 2(N39~a) 1(N24) — deducted/cut (TAR~a) 2(N01) 2(N39~a)[?] — X [...] 1(N01) 1(N24) — house/institution (E2~b) [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4499

[...] 1(N39~a) [...] X 1(N14) 3(N39~a) , |U4×1(N14)| SIG7 NAGA~a[?] 2(N01) , AN BIR3~b[?] NUNUZ~a1 6(N14) , |EZEN~a×SU~a| [quantity] , ŠE GU7 [...] , [...] X [...] , GU7 [...] , [...] 1(N45) 7(N14) 4(N01) 1(N39~a) , ŠE[...] [...] 1(N24)[?] 1(N26)[?] , [...] [...] , [...] 2(N45) 2(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4504

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1 unit , X [...] 2 units , [overseer?] + ox [...] , [...] X ox [plow-related] 4 units , ox + plow 6 units , ox + [ZATU718] 1 higher unit , ox + [ZATU718] + plow

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4505

[...] 5 large units, fish (KISAL context) 3 large units, birds [X] 3 large units, [GIR3-type commodity] [X] 1 large unit, [MUD] [X] [BU] [disbursement?] DA [X] 1 large unit 3 small units, [AN] [X] [...] [...] , [...] 2 small units, seed(?) [EN] [PAP] [GU7 — consumption/ration?] 20 large units, 3 [N57 units], storehouse-official, sheep-and-(?) 1 [N45] 20 large units,

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4512

4(N01)[?] [...] , [...] 1(N01)[?] [...] , [...] 1(N01)[?] , X 2(N01) , MUŠEN[?] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01)[?] , [...] 2(N01) , men (ERIM~a) X 1(N14) 5(N01) , men (ERIM~a) — total/sum (KIŠ)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4513

11 [units] — SANGA (temple administrator/high priest) [of/at] Kiš 13 [units] — EN (lord/high-priest) [at a specific] place/location 6 [units] — GEŠTU (ear/wisdom) 6 [units] — NUN+EN (prince+lord compound) 8 [units] — KAB 12 [units] — GAL (great/chief) 3 [units] — ŠE.NAM₂ KAB (grain/barley [of a specific] category) 3 [units] — AN ŠU₂ EN (sky/An, covered/set, lord) 2 [large units] 51 [units] (total?) 15 [units] [1 very large unit +] 6 [units] — Kiš [location]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4538

6 [units], KIŠ[?] 2 [units], female calf[?] 4 [units], [LAM~b?] calf [...] 1(N14) 2 [units], [LAGAB~b] TE KIŠ calf[?] (chief?) SANGA official, great, ŠITA-weapon [...][...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4540

40 (units of) barley, [and] 9(N19) 3(N04) (units), [for?] the malt-house (?), new/fresh, the singer, the alkali-plant, [for?] the carpenter (?), the rationing (?), the temple administrator, 3(N19) [units], the elder (?), the day (?), [for?] barley (?), [for?] the malt-house (?), [for?] the plow-team / plow-land, Uruk, [remainder broken]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4542

[...] 2(N34) 2(N14) [...] X X [...] 2(N34) [...] X X [...] SAL PU2(?) EN~a X [...] 1(N14) 5(N01) , 3(N57) BAN~b 1(N14) 3(N01) , E2~a(?) X 6(N34) 2(N14) 3(N01) , DARA4~c2 | DU8~c × UDU~a | SANGA~a NUN~a GAL~a SZITA~a1

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4543

1 GAL (large) SUHUR-fish 1 SUHUR-fish 1 [...] SUHUR-fish [...]? [...] [...]? 6(?) [...] X [...] 24, SZITA-vessel 2, [given into the] hand/care of ŠA₃ — SILA₃ (measure) 1, [from] |TA×MAŠ| — SILA₃ (measure) [...] [...] X [...] [...] [...] EN (lord/high official)? X UD? X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4561

Line 1: 1(N34) 2(N01) | 1(N39~a) Line 2: 1(N51) 2(N01) | 1(N24) Line 3: 2(N51) 3(N01)? | 1(N28)? Line 4: 5(N51)# 1(N14)#? 2(N01)#? | 1(N29~a)#? Line 5: 1(N54)# 5(N51)# | [...] [horizontal ruling / section break] Line 6: 2(N20)# 3(N42~a)#? [...] | [...] Line 7: 2(N20)# X 1(N25) | [...] Line 8: 2(N20)# 4(N05)# | [...] Line 9: 5(N20) 2(N42~a) 1(N25) 1(N28~c) | [...] Line 10: 1(N46) 2(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a)#? 1(N25)? 1(N29A~c) | [damaged sign] Line 11: 2(N46) 4(N20) 1(N05)? 3(N42~a) 1(N25) | [damaged sign] [BA#?] Line 12: 1(N46) 2(N20) 2(N05) [...] | SZE~a Line 13: 1(N37)# 6(N20) 3(N05) 3(N42~a) 1(N…

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4563

7(N14) [= 70], courtyard (KISAL), fish (KU6); X 2(N01) [= 2], X X; 2(N14) [= 20], X X; 2(N14) [= 20], MAR, ZAG[?]; 6(N14) [= 60], storehouse (E2), X; 2(N01)[?], [...] X; [...] 2(N01), X [...]; 1(N01), X [...]; — SAR, X, silver/pure metal (KU3)[?]; 2(N45) 4(N01) [total], barley (ŠE), TAK4, water/liquid (A);

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4568

[...] 2 (N01), [...] KI MUD [BU] [...] X, [clay/wind/tablet?] [...] barley [...], [...] X fish, courtyard [...], 3 (N14) 2 (N01) 2 (N39~a), barley — DA — fish — courtyard[?]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4570

2 [animals?], [...] X goat(s) [large enclosure?] [...], X UMUN2 1 she-goat, stall/pen, [category marker?] 1 [large enclosure?], lion-[animal?] 1 (large unit), hide/skin, sinew, [allotted?], [water/liquid?]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4571

[...] 1(N14)[+?], [...] ewes 5(N14) 7(N01), male sheep (wether/ram) [...] 1(N14) 4(N01), [broken sign] 1(N34) [...] 6(N01), she-goats [...] 6(N01)[?], female goat (nanny-goat) , sheep — house/stall [...] [...] 3(N14) 7(N01)[?], KIR11 [young animal / suckling?] 5(N14)[?], mountain [breed] — lamb 3(N14) 1(N01), female sheep — goat-kid 2(N14), mountain [breed] — goat-kid 3(N01)[?], lamb [broken sign] , AN [broken sign] [...] [blank / end of account]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4572

[...] X SAG(?) X [...] 1 GIR3~c (delivery/transport notation?) 1 EN (high official/lord) — internal (ŠA3) — mixed/combined (HI) 1 BAHAR2~b (potter/ceramic specialist) 1 GIR3~c(?) DIM~a(?) X (transported/fashioned [commodity] — damaged) X (sign unclear) [blank line / total line?] [...] X UDU (sheep?) [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4588/4

[N] , [...] barley BU~a 1(N01) 3(N39~a) , [...] [N] , [...] [N] , X [...] N? , vessel? X X [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4590/1

[...] 1(N42~a) 1(N25) , [...] 3(N39~a) 1(N24) , LAGAB~a[?] [...] 1(N01) , [X] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] EN~a [X] 3(N14) , |EZEN~axX| [...] , [...] , SI[?] [X] GU7[?] [...] , [...] , |U4x6(N57)|[?] GIBIL SANGA~a DUB~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4590/2

5(N14) [units of] |EZEM~axX| X PAP~a [X units of] SI GU7 (consumed/disbursed) 1(N01) 1(N39~a) 1(N24) , 3(N01) 3(N39~a) 1(N24) , [X] 1(N45)# 2(N14) [N] 3(N01) , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 001

Header/date formula: [Day] ... NI~a.RU, water(?), place, BU~a, AB~a [1(N45)] 5(N50) [n] , [Field — grain (barley)] 1(N50) [2(N14) n] , [Male laborers — women] 3(N45) 2(N50) 5(N14) [n] , [Field — place, water] 5(N45) 3(N50) 4(N14) 3(N01) , Total field — BU~a, place, NI~a.RU, AB~a, plow

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 002

2(N45) 3(N50) 4(N14) : EN [field/category] GAN2 1(N45) 1(N50) 7(N14) : KI BU~a 1(N14) 2(N22) 5(N01) : GISZ KI BAR 3(N45) 5(N50) 2(N14) 2(N22) 5(N01) : GAN2 AB~a |NI~a.RU| IL# [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 003

[...] field-plot, place/origin: ŠAgaN 4(N50) 9(N14) 1(N22) — EN, field-plot 2(N50) 4(N14) 2(N22) — place: BU 4(N08) — wood/timber, place: BAR 1(N45) 1(N50) 4(N14) 4(N08) — total: LAGAB-field-plot, place/origin: ŠAgaN

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 007

3(N14) 4(N01) 1(N39~a) , [commodity sign] BARLEY [...] 3(N19) 4(N04) , SI4~f BU~a PAP~a NAM2 6(N19) [...] , [sign] KI [sign] [...] 4(N19) 1(N04) 3(N41) , [SZU?] [...] , EN GI [sign] [...] 8(N14) 1(N01) 4(N39~a) , FIELD BARLEY [2(N46) 7(N19) 5(N04) 4(N41) 1(N24~b)?] , BARLEY SI4 1(N36) 6(N14) 1(N01) 3(N39~a) 1(N24) , BARLEY EN

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 008

[...] , [...] [1 large unit] [...] , [...] [1 large unit] [...] , [...] SANGA (temple administrator) [damaged] [...] , [...] [...] 2 [units] [...] , [...] IL [commodity/function] [damaged] 1 (large unit) , GI (reed?) TU~b [damaged] 1 (large unit) , KISZIK~a [...] 1 (large unit) , SANGA (temple administrator) [damaged] 1 (large unit) , EN (lord/high priest) [damaged] [...] 1 (large unit) [...] , [damaged] [...] [...] , [...] EN (lord/high priest) [damaged] 1 (large unit) 1 (smaller unit) , MASZ (kid/goat?) GAN2 (field/enclosure?) [damaged] [...] [...] 5 (large units) 1 (smaller unit) [...] , |g…

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 009

2(N01) [units of] |SZE~a&SZE~a| (grain/grain product), fish, men/workers [...] 1(N22) 2(N01) [units], tablet(?), X [...] 2(N22) [units], |NI~a.RU|(?), ME~a, TAK4~a [...] [...], field/land [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 014

[...] , [...] 1(N01)# , X X [...] 3(N01)# , [...] 3(N01)# , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 6(N14)# 2(N01)# 1(N24)# , [X] barley (SZE~a) — distribution (BA#) — plow / plowing (APIN~a#)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 025

Obverse: [Numerical notation:] 2(N14) 3(N01) 4(N39~a) 1(N24) — barley [and/or ...] — tablet / scribe(?) — reed — fish + 1(N02) — beer(?) — [cereal?] [Reverse, damaged:] [...] — [...] — fish + 1(N02) — tablet / scribe(?) — reed

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 030

20 + 2 [units]: barley(?), new(?), [commodity/vessel type URI3~a], distributed(?); [...]: [...]; [...]: |hand+hand|(?), plow-[worker?], EN-[official?], AN, ME, hand [...]; 20 + 5 [units]: barley(?); 3 [large units]: 20 + 1(N19) + 2 [units]: |hand+hand|, barley(?), field/GAN2, GI(reed/reed-bundle?)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 031

3(N14) 2(N01) — NIMGIR, NIM[~b1?] 1(N14) — MU[?], SZU 1(N14) — MU[?], [...] [4(N01)] — [...] [...] X, UB[?...] |SZU&SZU| 6(N14) — ŠE (barley)

1…4 5 6…55