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A curated narrative reconstruction of humanity's first great civilization, sourced from the tablets themselves. Open scholarship, beautifully accessible.

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Religion & Myth Law Economy Astronomy & Mathematics Daily Life Writing & Literature

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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Editorial Sumerian literature Sumerian royal Assyrian royal Assyrian archives

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Page 6 / 36

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2504

9 [units], MAR~a, NA~a[?], sheep, ZATU749~b 7 [units], sheep, ZATU749~b [...], ZATU821, reed/GI [...], NIN, SIG [...], TE, RAD~a, SANGA~a 16 [units], sheep, tablet/DUB~a, ZATU749~b [...], SIG, NIN

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2506

20 ewes (female sheep) [and/with] females (women/female persons?) 3 rams (male sheep) 2 goats [...] [...] hand/delivery? 10 [animals/units]: consumed, [by/via] RAD? 3 [units of] barley 5 ewes 1 [unit of] beer 20 [units of] bread/ration allocation 1 [unit]: weapon/mace + fat/oil? [signs:] MUSZ3 + ME + LAL3 + SZUR2 [— meaning unclear; possibly a personal name or institutional label]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2507

4(N15)? , storehouse — PA~a 3(N15)? , ISZ~b — RAD~a 1(N15)? , SZU TUR 1(N15)? , AN — URU~a1 [...] , [...] EN~a [damaged] [...] 1(N14) , clay/tablet (IM~a) 1(N14) , storehouse — NAGA~a SI 2(N50) 3(N14) , |HIx1(N57)| ZATU756 1(N45)# 6(N14) , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2511/1

[...] [...] 1(N57) BA? 7(N01) NI~a NE~a [...] [...] X SAG# 7(N01) ZATU659# LAGAB~a [...] 3(N34) 1(N01) 1(N57) BA GISZ [...] [...] X [...] 2(N01) U8 2(N14) 3(N01)# UD5~a 1(N01) UTUA~a# [...] 2(N01) [...] 2(N01)# [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2512

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] ZATU659 [...] , [...] natron/alkali plant (NAGA) [...] , [...] bird(s) (MUŠEN) [+ damaged sign] [...] , [...] ZATU659(?) [blank] , 1(N57) salt (MUN) 1(N01) , IB [damaged] 1(N01)[?] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2514

Obverse: [Col. i] 2 [units] — ZATU694~c, DA~a DA~a [Col. ii] NI~a, grain (SZE~a@t), AN, DI, RAD~a [Col. i] 1 [unit] — beer (KASZ~c), |ZATU737xE~a|(?) [Col. ii] GAL~a, chief administrator (SANGA~a) [Col. i] 2 [units] — she-goats (UD5~a), DI, A [Col. i] 1 [unit] — large billy-goat (MASZ2 GAL~a), chief administrator (SANGA~a) GAL~a Reverse: 3 [units] — BAR, NI~a [damaged], grain (SZE~a@t), AN

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2516

Obverse: [1(N52)] BA [...] 1(N52) [quantity] 2(N01) SZU2 3(N01) KID~b 1(N01) [NAR SU~a] 1(N52) [quantity] [...] [...] Reverse: 3(N52) [large quantity] 2(N01) SZU2 3(N01) KID~b 1(N01) NAR SU~a 1(N34) NIM~a [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2520

[...] [...] [...] SIG RAD~a [...] [...] [...] 1(N02)# [...] X [...] X [...] [...] [...] X [...] [...] [...] [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2677

[...] [...] EN, [quality/breed marker] NUN [...] [...] X X [...] 3, [remainder:] beer/liquid ration [...] [...] 1, large [item/animal — GAL] + SZITA [vessel/implement?] 1, horn(s) [of] courtyard 1, [labor force / workers] ERIN [...] reed, SZUBUR, [commodity/measure] [...] container, [destination:] NUN, clay/tablet? [...] [...] [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2680

[...] 2, NUN~b# [...] [...] 2, goat(s) 1, X [...] 1, X [...] [...] , [...] 1(N34) , [...] X BA ŠE~a X [...] 2(N34) 6(N01)# [...] , sheep [...] [...] , [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2681

2 ewes 28 [broken commodity/animal sign] [...] [...] 5 goats 1 ox [...] [...] [...] 1 ox — [fuel/fire commodity?] [blank or lost line] [...] [unread sign]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2684

[...] , [...] [...] 2 , [commodity: NI~a?] small/junior 2 , large bowl (UTUL~a) [of/from] city/settlement 1 , [animal/commodity: DARA3~c × KAR2] 1 , [commodity/institution: ADAB] 1 , [commodity: ZATU799] [...] , [...] [damaged sign]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2686

[...] , [...] 9 , KA~a RAD~a DI 7 , BU3 NA~a 1 [large unit] [...] , RAD~a DI [...] [...] , X [...] — , [LAGAB~b?] [...] 26 [large unit + 6] , young [bird of type MUSZENxPAP?] TI 5 , X [...] [...] , [...] 6 , NUN~b 1 , UDUNITA~a 1 , goat [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2689

[...] 3, [...] X KA~a MA 3, TAK4~a A GU SZA 2, DUB~b MUSZEN MASZ [...], [...] 5, [...] 3 [...], [...] 1, [...] 1, [...] 3(N14) 1, UDU~a (sheep) [...], APIN~a[?] X [...] [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2690

[...] , [...] X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [garment] [...] , [...] 1 , linen cloth 2 , 1(×60?) female [animal/person] — ration-portion , city — temple administrator [...] , [garment] [...] , [...] 1 , [...] 1 , 1 [...] — ration-portion , road/journey — plow [category] [...] , [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2693

[...] [...] sheep [...] [...] DA~a NI~a wood/timber [...] [...] 3, NUN~b 2, goat(s) [sign unclear] [...] [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2694

[...] , [...] 2 , EN (lord/high-priest) EZEN (festival) 1 , fish, bird, goat [...] , [...] 2 , [commodity] AN 3 , [commodity] beer/ale 2 , DA DU [...] , [...] 9 , NA KI [NAB?] 1 , RU 1(N14)+1 , AN BA GI 3 , AN wood/timber [...] 1 , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2695

[...] 2, MASZ(?) LU2 1, AN SZUBUR (mixed/blended?) 1, GI MUSZEN NA 2, SUKKAL RU 3(?), [...] SIG7(?) [...] [...], [...] 1, BA KISZIK(?) [...], 1(large unit) BA IB URI3 1(?), [...] X [...] 1, AN SZU2 4, SIG7 1, NA KI 2, GA2 DUR2 X [...], [...] KA 45(?), UDU(sheep) ZATU819 [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/01

1(N01) [unit] — [city sign / UNUG] 1(N01) [unit] — EN-official, head (SAG), sky/An 1(N01) [unit] — ZI-sign, bird (MUŠEN), beer (KAŠ) 1(N01) [unit] — hand (ŠU), [complex sign |GIŠxŠU2|], foot/runner (GIR3) 1(N01) [unit] — ŠA, TAK4, water/liquid (A) [...] — [sign] [...] 1(N01) [unit] — [...] 1(N01) [unit] — [sign] [...] 1(N01) [unit] — PAP, hand (ŠU), [...] 1(N01) [unit] — [...] 1(N01) [unit] — [...] [...] — [...] [...] 1(N01) [unit] — 1(N57) [large unit], [sign] [...] — EN-official, KAL, BU, [sign] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/02

[...] , [...] [...] 2 , [...] X RU [...] , [...] MA KI NUNUZ~a1 [...] , [...] SUKUD@g NI~a [...] , [...] 2 , X [...] 4 , BAN~b? X [...] 3 , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/04

[...] , [...] [...] , [broken] |GRAIN.NAM2|# [...] , [...] 1(N14) 7(N01) , she-goats 8(N01) , ewe[s]#? 1(N14)# [...] 3(N01)# , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/08

[...] , [...] (sign uncertain) 1(N01) , DAR~a NI~a DA~a , BA [...] , [...] DI (sign uncertain) RAD~a [...] , [...] (sign uncertain) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , (sign uncertain) [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/09

[...] [...] NI~a [...] [...] 2 , [type/commodity: ISZ~b?] 2 , X [...] [...] , [...] 1 , GIR3~c [foot-delivery / movement notation] 1 , U2~b GIR3@g~b [plant/pasture + foot notation] 2 [...] , [...] NI~a[?] 1 , LA2 TUG2~a? [hanging/weighing + garment?] 1 , NE~a [...] [fire/fuel commodity?] 6 , X [...] 2 , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] |SZE~a.NAM2| SAG [barley/grain (NAM2) — chief/first-quality or head-count] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/10

[...] [...] X [...] IDIGNA (Tigris) ME~a X fish [AD~a] large [...] [...] X [...] [...] [...] AN UR5~a A 3(N57) NAM2 DI 1(N57) BA [...] [...] [...] [...] 1(N14)# [...] 1(N14)# 2(N01)? [...] 6(N01)# [...] [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/12

[...] 1, X [...] 1, NIM~b2 [...] [...] 2, GI6 A [...] [...], AN [...] 1, [E2~b] X [...] [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/13

[...] , [...] (unclear sign) [...] , [...] eggs/spawn(?) — temple administrator(?) [...] , [...] (unclear sign) 3(N01)[?] , [...] (unclear sign) — NI~a — junior/small [...] , [...] [...] , [...] city/settlement

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/14

[...] , [...] 2(N01) , [house/storehouse]? brought/delivered — male workers [...] , X [...] [...] , [...] remainder/left-behind? X X 1(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] X 4(N01) [...] , [lord/EN-official] approached/TE [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/15

[...] , wool 1 , garment 1 , linen cloth 1 , [...] 4[...] , [...] 2 , linen cloth 1 [...] , 1(N57) woman [ration?] [...] , foot/delivery — priest/official [...] [...] , [...] X ration? [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2782/16

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] |LAGAB~a×SI|(?) 3(N01) , LAL2~a(?) GI(?) 2(N01) , 4(N57) ZATU759 E2~a 2(N01) , NI~a TUR 1(N01) , ISZ~b BU~a 1(N14) 3(N08)(?) [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2843

4 ewes (U8) 7 nanny-goats (UD5) 11 [young?] female sheep (UTUA) 16 rams (UDUNITA) 11 [animals of category] NUN [3]8 goats (MASZ2) [1×60 + 2×10 + 7 =] 87 sheep (UDU) — 1 [large unit] disbursed (BA) [total/summary line]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/01

2, temple-administrator [+RAD~a] [...], [...] 1, NA2~a AB~a 2, house(?) PA~a [...], [...] [...], [...] GIR3@g~c SZUBUR SIG RAD~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/02

[...] [...] SAG[?] X [...] [...] X [...] [...] X [...] 4 (units) [?] [...] 5 (units) X TUR [...] SI |(U8xTAR)~b| AL[?] [...] [...] temple-administrator TE RAD[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/05

[...] , [...] [...] 2 , [...] [...] , [...] 3 , X [...] [...] , [...] 2 , [...] 1 , [...] 1 , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/09

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] 1(N50) 4(N45)[?] [...] , [...] 1(N63) 1(N50) 4(N48) 7(N34)[?] [...] , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/16

[...] , [...] X [...] , [...] (building/house sign) [...] , X AN GUB3~a 1 , beer (KAŠ~c) [+] 1(N04) AN , TE ŠUBUR 1 , GUG2 (grain product?) [+] NI~a [...] , [...] 1(?) , ŠA3~a1(?) [...] 1 , AN SAGŠU 1 , beer (KAŠ~c) bird(s) goat AN NI~a 1 , AN NI~a X [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2862/17

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] house(?) X [...] , [...] [...] , X AN roe/egg-sign 1 , vessel/boat(?) fat/oil(?) 1 , mouth/opening(?) water(?) [...] , [...] 1(?) , [...] given/dedicated(?) 1 , fat/oil(?) water(?) 1 , fish(?) sky/An [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/02

[...] , [...] [...] , UTUA~a (oven/furnace?) 1(N14) , UDUNITA~a (male sheep/ram) 2(N14) 7(N01) [= 27 units] , NUN~b (quality/type designator) [...] SIG RAD~a [...] (wool/fine [commodity] + [process/title]) 1(N34) 2(N14) [...] , [...] sheep [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/03

[...] , [...] 2 (units) , LAL2~a NE~a 3 (units) , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N34) 2(N14) 3(N01) [?], [...] URU~a1 BU~a PA~a [...] , [...] A [...] , [...] AN X ŠUBUR [...] , [...] APIN~b [...] , [...] X NI~a U4 [...] , [...] X PAP~a SAL [...] , [...] X NI~a MA [...] , [...] X ŠUBUR [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/04

[...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X SZUBUR EN [ZATU624~b?] NU [...] , RU KI [...] , [...] , URU~a1 [...] , [...] 1(N14) 7(N01) [...] , X [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/05

[...] , [...] 1(N50) 5(N14) , male workers (from the) highland/foreign land, plant/fodder [...] 4(N14) 5(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] 3(N34) 5(N01) , sheep [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/07

41 [units of] barley (?) — head/person — RAD~a [...] — [...] ~90 [units] — |3(N57).E2~b| KITI 62 [units] — |E2~a×3(N58)| ZATU795 LAM~b [...] ~11 [units + mixed signs] — [...] X [...] — [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/08

3(N14) [large quantity], SU~a PAP~a[?] 4(N01)[?] [...], X [...] 4(N01), X X 1(N01), SZA[?] 1(N01), DI[?] 1(N01)[?], X 1(N01)[?] [...], [...] [...], [...] 1(N34) 3(N14) 2(N01)[?], sheep (UDU~a × TAR) TAK4~a X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/10

[...] [...] [...] 1 (unit), UTUA (oven/kiln?) 1(N14) 7(N01) (= 17 units), NUN~b (a quality/category marker?) 7 (units), UDUNITA~a (oven/furnace unit?) 9 (units) [uncertain], MASZ2 (goats) [blank / sub-total line], |SZE~a.NAM2| [grain allocation?] 3 (units), UDU~a (sheep) [blank] 5(N14) 1(N01) (= 51 large units), [...] LAGAB~a DUB~a [uncertain] [...] [...] X 3 (units), BAR (half-portions / disbursed share)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/14

[...] , [...] 1(N01) , NI [GISZ-wood product] 1(N01) , [ZATU694] beer [...] , [...] beer [...] 2(N01) , KUR-mountain(?) herb/plant(?) copper copper 2(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] 3(N01) , male workers lion(?) 1(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] mouth/opening(?) [...] , [...] 3(N57)? [EN2.E2]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/17

[...] , [...] 2 ewes 22 she-goats (nanny-goats) 1 ram (UTUA) 6 rams (NUN~b type) 1 wether (castrated ram) 1 goat (MASZ2) [3]3 sheep [...] , hands/receipt — ox , [received/disbursed] — MUNSZUB — ox — place [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/21

[...] [...] [...] [...] [...] [...] SI# LU2 1(N01) , MAR~a I 1(N01) , SZIR~b NI~a [...] [...] X AN [...] [...] [...] [...] 2(N01)# , NUN~b [...] 1(N01)# , UDUNITA~a# [...] [...] KISZ# [...] [...] KISZ# [...] 2(N14)# , [...] [...] 2(N01)# , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/23

[...] , [...] IB~a URI3~a 3(N01) , [...] X [...] , [...] 1(N57) BA X SIG 2(N01) , X 1(N01)[?] [...] , NUN~a[?] [...] [...] , [...] DA~a[?] 1(N01) , U2~b NUNUZ~a1 , NAM2[?] KAB[?] [...] , [...] IB~a[?] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X NI~a MA [...] , [...] A[?] GA2~a2[?] [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/27

[...] 1 , X [...] 1 , SZUBUR RAD~a 7 , [commodity?] 1 , E2~b KI [...] 2 , [...] 2 , [...] 2 , X [...] 1 [...] , [...] [...] , [...] AL 2(N57) MUN~a1 [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2863/28

[...] , [...] [...] , 2(N57) PA~a UR3~b2 [...] , [...] [...] , 1(N57) PAP~a SU~a 7(N01) , BA 6(N01) , GI [5(N01)] , [KALAM~b] 1(N14) 8(N01) , [...] DU TE [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2868

8(N34), NUNUZ — [commodity: |ŠE.NAM2|] 8(N34), GA (large?) [commodity] 3(N34), NAM2 PA RAD X [...] 2(N34), DI RAD 1(N34), GIR3 4(N14), NUNUZ — 3(N57) |EN2.E2| 1(N01), EŠDA 2(N48) 2(N34) 4(N14), NUNUZ — NE [...] SANGA — TE RAD

1…5 6 7…36