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Sumerian · Book

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Sumerian · Book

The first cities. The first stories. Still here, written in clay.

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Every tablet in the corpus — sortable by date, title or period; filterable by theme and period. Find a name, follow a period, or explore a subject through the records it left behind.

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Religion & Myth Law Economy Astronomy & Mathematics Daily Life Writing & Literature

Period

Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Editorial Sumerian literature Sumerian royal Assyrian royal Assyrian archives

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Page 7 / 1364

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/31

[...] , [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] [...] 1(N14) 3(N01) , [...] PAP~a X X MUN~a1(?) [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/32

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X 1(N01) [...] , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , X [...] [...] , ZATU628 [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] AB TE [...] , [...] TUM [...] , [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/34

1. [...] , [...] 2. [...] 1(N01) , GI6 GU4 KASZ(?) ŠA3 — "[...], 1 unit: night/black(?), ox, beer(?), interior/contents" 3. [...] , [...] DU NI — "[...], ..., brought/delivered, oil(?)" 4. [...] , [...] X — "[...], ..., [illegible sign]" 5. 1(N01) , SAGSZU AN — "1 unit: total-in-hand(?) of AN" 6. [...] , [...] 7. [...] , [...] UD5(?) [...] — "[...], ..., she-goat(?), [...]"

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/36

(Line 1) [...], [...] GAN₂ (field-area unit)? (broken) (Line 2) [...], [...] GAN₂ (field-area unit)? (broken) (Line 3) [...], [...] GAN₂ (field-area unit)? (broken) (Line 4) 1(N01) [one unit], [...] X (sign broken/illegible) (Line 5) 1(N01), DUG~b×X (a jar-sign compound, vessel type uncertain) [...] (Line 6) 1(N01)?, X (sign broken/illegible) [...] (Line 7) [...], [...] (entirely broken)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2964

1. 1(N45) 5(N34) , grain (ŠE₃) 2. 1(N45) 3(N48) 3(N34) 5(N14) , commodity-sign ZATU837~a (undeciphered) 3. 1(N48) 8(N34) 3(N14) 6(N01) , commodity-sign ZATU837~b (undeciphered) 4. 1(N48) 8(N34) 1(N14) 2(N01) , grain (ŠE₃) 5. 3(N45) 1(N48) 5(N34) 4(N14) , [total / final entry, commodity not specified]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2997

(Line 1) [...] , [...] (Line 2) SI4 (reddish/processed commodity) — EN (lord/high official) — TE (uncertain category) (Line 3) [...] , [...] (Line 4) 1(N01): SI (horn?) — KU — PA (overseer) — E2 (house/estate) (Line 5) 1(N01): SI4 (reddish/processed commodity) — GI (reed?) — IN — AN (sky/divine marker) — PA (overseer) (Line 6) KALAM (land/country) — PA (overseer) — BU (Line 7) 1(N01): SI (horn?) — LAGAB — AN (sky/divine marker) — SAG (head) — GI (reed?) (Line 8) [...] , [...] (Line 9) 4(N14): SI4 (reddish/processed commodity) — EN (lord/high official) — RAD (uncertain)@g [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3002

Obverse (list of entries, each giving a quantity followed by commodity/personnel notations): 1. 2(N14) 4(N01) — barley (ŠE), AN, PIRIG~b1 2. 1(N14) 4(N01) — MUD, NUN~a 3. 1(N14) 4(N01) — LUM, MA 4. 3(N14) 1(N01) — DAR~b, PAP~a 5. 2(N14) 2(N01) — PAP~a, PIRIG~b1 6. 1(N14) 4(N01) — KI, GAL~a, DU 7. 2(N14) 3(N01) — BU~a, DU 8. 3(N14) 2(N01) — SAL 9. 4(N14) — ŠAB~a (ruled divider / blank line) Summary line: 2(N45) 3(N14) — barley (ŠE), new (GIBIL), day/UD, PAP~a, IB~a

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3004

Obverse: (1) 3(N01) units — barley (ŠE~a), MUD, NUN~a (2) 2(N39~a) 1(N24)(?) units — [sign broken], new/fresh (GIBIL) (3) 1(N01) unit — [sign broken], PAP~a(?) (4) 1(N01) unit — [sign broken], DAR~b Reverse: (5) 5(N01) 2(N39~a) 1(N24) units [total] — day/marker (U4), barley (ŠE~a), new/fresh (GIBIL), PAP~a, IB~a

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3150

1. 7(N01), BA (disbursed) — SAL (female/woman[-category]) — KISZ (category/group) 2. 6(N01), SZA3~a2 (uncertain sign/term) 3. 2(N01), |U4x4(N57)| (compound U4-sign, quantifier 4) 4. 2(N01), |U4x3(N57)| (compound U4-sign, quantifier 3) 5. 6(N01), |U4x2(N57)| (compound U4-sign, quantifier 2) 6. 5(N01), |U4x1(N57)| (compound U4-sign, quantifier 1) 7. 2(N01), NINDA2#? (bread [uncertain]) 8. [illegible], X X (two unidentified/damaged signs) 9. 2(N01), |U4x1(N57)| PAP~a#? (compound U4-sign, quantifier 1; PAP~a, uncertain — supervisory/summary marker?) 10. [...] (break — remainder lost)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3152

7 units of UTUA~a. 4 units of UDUNITA~a (rams). 1 unit of NUN~b. 2 units of GAL~a MASZ2 (large kid-goats). 2 units of |U4x2(N57)| MASZ (kid-goats, U4x2(N57)-marked). In the storehouse (GA2~a1), (of) ZATU647, (of) NUN~a, delivered (GIR3~c) — (by) the fattener (GURUSZDA~a). 16 sheep (UDU~a), (of) ZATU647, storehouse (GA2~a1), (of) NUN~a, delivered (GIR3~c) — (by) the fattener (GURUSZDA~a).

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3153

Obverse: Case 1: 2(N34) 5(N14) [numerical notation] — KUR~a KISZ Case 2: 3(N34) 2(N14) 3(N01) [numerical notation] — KISZ SAL Reverse: Case 3: 5(N34) 2(N14) 1(N01) [numerical notation] — EN~a Case 4: 5(N14) 2(N01) [numerical notation] — ERIM~a Case 5: 6(N34) 1(N14) 3(N01) [numerical notation] — KISZ

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3158

Obverse: 4(N01), AMAR — "4 units: calf/young-animal (sign AMAR)" 2(N01), GEŠTU — "2 units: sign GEŠTU (‘ear’)" 2(N01), GAL UR3 — "2 units: sign GAL-UR3 (‘great roof/threshing-floor’ compound)" 1(N01), |EN×NUN| — "1 unit: compound sign EN×NUN" 2(N01), MAR — "2 units: sign MAR (boat/vessel?)" 3(N01), GAN2 — "3 units: sign GAN2 (‘field’)" 2(N01), |ŠU2×EN| — "2 units: compound sign ŠU2×EN" 1(N01), TUKU — "1 unit: sign TUKU" 1(N14) 1(N01), |GA2×X| — "11 units: compound sign GA2×(illegible element)" 2(N14) 4(N01), BA — "24 units: sign BA (disbursement marker)" 5(N14) 2(N01), KISZ SIG2 BA — "52 units…

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3164

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1 (N01 unit) , [...] 1 (N01 unit) , [...] 1 (N01 unit) , [...] 1 (N01 unit) , MAR~a (container/boat[?]) [...] , EN~a (lord/official) [...] [...] , [...] 1 (N14 unit) , KISZ — |BU~a+DU6~a| (compound sign) — ERIN (workforce/troops) — EN~a (lord/official) — X (illegible sign)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3197a

1(N14) 4(N01) — [entry:] SAL, KISZ 1(N14) 3(N01)# — [entry:] KUR~a, KISZ# 2(N14) 1(N01) — [entry:] |EZEM~axX|, KISZ — [entry:] ZATU758 4(N14) 8(N01)# — [entry:] [KISZ], X, TAK4~a, SZITA@g~a, MAR~a

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3882

(Line 1) [...] , [...] (Line 2) [...] , [...] (illegible sign) (Line 3) [...] , [...] (Line 4) [...] , [...] (illegible sign) (Line 5) [...] , [...] (illegible sign) (Line 6) [...] , SAL(female) (illegible sign) [...] (Line 7) 1(N14) , SAL(female) (illegible sign) [...] (Line 8) [...] , [...] (Line 9) 1(N48) 3(N34) 5(N14) [...] , [...] (Line 10) [...] , [...] (Line 11) [...] , [...] (illegible sign)(illegible sign)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3884

(Column/Case entries, obverse — badly broken) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] SZUBUR (dependent workers / people of Subir?) [...] , [...] KU~b1 X [...] , [...] 1(N34) , X X 1(N34) , X DUB~a X (tablet/record-marker?) 2(N34) , cattle-pen (TUR3~a) — woman(SAL) — temple-administrator (SANGA~a) 2(N14) [...] , IB~a [...] , [...] , [...] [...] 1(N34) 1(N14) , BA [...] (disbursed/allotted ...)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3885

(Obverse — four registers, each divided into two entries) 1. 3(N14) [=30]: DUG-vessels (of) RAD~a 2. 2(N14) 2(N01) [=22]: KITI 3. 3(N01): ZATU795 (of) LAM~b(?) 4. 2(N01): E2~b (household/institution) — PA~a (overseer/category) 5. 8(N01): RAD~a (variant @g) 6. 6(N01): AB~b (cattle-pen) — NUNUZ~a1 7. 5(N01): LAGAR~a (functionary/title) (ruled dividing line) (Reverse) 8. Total: 1(N34) 1(N14) 6(N01) [=76]: DUG-vessels — PAP~a (total/summary marker) — SU~a — RAD~a

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4459

[...] , [...] [...] 4(N14) [...] , [...] she-goat(s) (UD5), IM-commodity 2(N14) , she-goat(s) (UD5), IM-commodity, TUR, E2 [(institution)] 1(N14) , IM-commodity, EN (lord/high official), NUN, [...] 7(N14) , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , IM-commodity, PA (overseer), ZATU669, IB [...] [...] , IM-commodity [...] [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4460

(Column/entry 1) [...], [...] 4(N01), X ERIM-workers(?) 1(N01), X [...] [...], [...] [...] 1(N01), [...] 2(N01), [...] 2(N01), X [...] , X X [...] [...], [...] [...], [...] 2(N14) 8(N01), NE(-fuel/fire sign?) [...] fish(KU6) [...] [...], [...] 2(N14) 4(N01), fish(KU6) — total/chief(PAP), SU-sign 3(N14) 8(N01) [...], [...] [...] 2(N14) 2(N01) [...], RAD-sign [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4461

[...], 1(N01) unit, linen (GADA) 1(N01) unit, [...] wool (SIG2) [...], [...] wool (SIG2) [...], [...] [...], [...] ... bird (MUŠEN), ZATU659, water/A, ŠITA-vessel/ŠU2 [...], [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4462

[...], [...] [...] 2(N01), [...] U4 ("day/sun" sign) [...] 2(N01), APIN ("plow") [...] 9(N01), NA — AN — DI — AN [...] 3(N01), [...] KUSZU2(?) 1(N01), PIRIG ERIM ("lion" + "workers/troops") 3(N01), SAR ŠE ("garden/plot" of barley) [...] 1(N01), [...] SAG [...] ("head/chief") 1(N01), DA ZATU710 , URI IB [...] 6(N01), 8 (ewes) 4(N14) 6(N01), goats (female caprids) [...], [...] [...] 4(N01) [...], [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4463

2(N01) , SIG RAD~a(#?) [...] , [...] |AB~b×ŠA3~a1|(#?) [...] , [...] 2(N01)# [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N14)# [...] 1(N01)# , [...] [...] 1(N01)# , [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4483

(Obverse, case by case, each entry: quantity — commodity/sign) 1. 3(N01) units — U4 (day/sun-sign), GAR (bread/ration-sign) 2. 1(N14), 4(N57) units — GAR (bread/ration-sign) 3. 5(N01) units — NE (fire/fuel-sign, broken) + KU6 (fish-sign) + SILA3 (capacity-measure sign) 4. 1(N01) unit — ANŠE(?) (donkey/load-sign, broken) / UDU (sheep-sign, broken) 5. 1(N01) unit — UR2 (base/lap-sign) + SILA3 (capacity-measure sign) 6. 5(N01) units — KU6 (fish-sign) + SILA3 (capacity-measure sign) 7. 1(N01) unit — DU8 (compound sign, broken) 8. 2(N01) units — ŠA×ḪI (compound sign, uncertain reading) 9. MU BA — "…

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4486

Obverse: 1. 1(N39~a) 1(N57) 1(N39~a) 1(N24) 1(N26), barley (ŠE) 2. 2(N01), carp(?)-fish: disbursed (BA) 3. 3(N01), 4(N57) carp(?)-fish 4. 1(N08) 1(N57) 1(N08), [entry:] "brother," exalted, GIR(-sign) 5. 2(N01), "brother," [sign ZATU714], [compound sign ZATU759×fish] 6. 3(N08)+ [...], "brother," exalted 7. [...], [...] carp(?) fish Reverse: 8. 2(N14), cattle-pen(?) [sign AB~b], double-fish sign, 1(N02) 9. 1(N01), [sign ZATU846], 1(N02) 10. 2(N01), place/locative: UZ 11. 1(N01), sheep, exalted-X (compound) 12. 1(N08), cattle-pen(?), GIR(-sign) 13. 4(N08), SUKUD+SUKUD compound, X 14. [entry:] MU…

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4489

1. 3(N01) — [sign ZATU710] (unidentified commodity) 2. 2(N39) 1(N24) — [commodity marked] cattle-stall/institutional category (AB), [compound sign LAGABxBIR3?], GAR 3. 1(N24) — BAR(?)-marked item, [compound sign ŠAxḪI?] 4. — barley (ŠE)(?) 5. 2(N39) 1(N24) — [commodity marked] cattle-stall/institutional category (AB), [compound sign LAGABxBIR3?], GAR 6. 1(N39) — GUG2(?) (bead/stone-commodity?) 7. 1(N24) — [compound sign ŠAxḪI] 8. — mixed (ḪI) 9. 3(N01) — [sign ZATU710], horn (SI), ME(?) 10. 1(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39) — barley (ŠE) 11. 4(N39) — mixed (ḪI) 12. 1(N14) 2(N01) 1(N39) — barley (ŠE), mixed…

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4493

2(N14) 5(N01), ewes (U8) 2(N14) 5(N01), rams (UDUNITA) 2(N14), she-goats (UD5) 2(N01) [...], |U4x1(N57)| BAR KIR11 [...], BAR KUR-designation, lambs (SILA4) [...] 5(N01), kids (MASZ2) , flour/ZI — UB (storage compartment) , ZATU624 — not(?) DA — ZATU752 (reverse: uninscribed / blank)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4495

Line 1: 1(N46) 3(N20) 3(N05) 3(N42~a) 1(N25) — barley (ŠE~a) Line 2: 8(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a) — HI-grain (mixed/qualified grain), [sign X, broken] Line 3 [damaged, matching Line 1]: 1(N46) 3(N20) 3(N05) 3(N42~a) 1(N25) — barley (ŠE~a) Line 4 [matching Line 2]: 8(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a) — HI-grain Line 5 [damaged numerals]: 2(N46) 1(N20)(?) 5(N05)(?) 1(N42~a)(?) 1(N25) — HI-grain, barley: disbursed (BA)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4496

Obverse: 3(N14), [x], barley — loan/dependents(?), in the hand of (received by) ... 2(N14) 1(N01), disbursed (ba). 1(N01) 2(N39~a) 1(N24), deducted (tar). 2(N01) 2(N39~a), [x] [...] 1(N01) 1(N24), [the] house/institution (e2) [...] (blank / case divider) (Reverse: uninscribed)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4499

[...] 1(N39) [...] X 1(N14) 3(N39), |U4×1(N14)| SIG7 NAGA(?) 2(N01), AN BIR3(?) NUNUZ 6(N14), |EZEN×SU| (unnamed entry): barley (ŠE), consumed (GU7) [...] [...] X (unnamed entry): consumed (GU7) [...] [...] 1(N45) 7(N14) 4(N01) 1(N39), barley (ŠE) [...] [...] 1(N24)(?) 1(N26)(?), [...] , [...] 2(N45) 2(N01) [...], [...] , [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4504

(Obverse) [...], [...] [...], [...] 1 (N01) — [...], X [...] (broken) 2 (N01) — PA~a (overseer/classifier), oxen [...], [...] X, oxen, plow(-designated) 4 (N01) — oxen, plow(-designated) 6 (N01) — oxen, ZATU718 (unidentified classifier) 1 (N14) — oxen, ZATU718 (unidentified classifier), plow(-designated)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4505

[...] 5(N14): fish(-workers/commodity), (of) the courtyard (KISAL) 3(N14): birds, ... 3(N14): GIR3(-sign), ... 1(N14): MUD(-sign), ..., BU(-sign) [.]: disbursed(?) (BA), DA(-sign), ... 1(N14) 3(N01): AN(-sign), ... [...] [...] , [...] 2(N01): seed-grain (NUMUN) of/for the EN(-official)(?), PAP(-sign/marker) [.]: consumed(?) (GU7) 2(N14) 3(N57): the sanga-official of the sheep-pen (UDU×TAR) 1(N45) 2(N14): [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4512

1. 4(?) [...] , [...] 2. 1(?) [...] , [...] 3. 1(?) , [sign, unclear] 4. 2 , bird(?) [MUŠEN] 5. [...] , [...] 6. [...] , [...] 7. [...] 1(?) , [...] 8. 2 , workers/men (ERIM) [sign, unclear] 9. 1(N14) 5 , workers/men (ERIM), KIŠ [totality/category marker]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4513

Obverse: 1. 1(N14) 1(N01), sanga(-official) — KISZ 2. 1(N14) 3(N01), en(-official) — KI 3. 6(N01), GEŠTU (sign) 4. 6(N01), NUN+EN (compound sign) 5. 8(N01), KAB 6. 1(N14) 2(N01), GAL ("great/large") 7. 3(N01), ŠE.NAM2 (grain-designation) — KAB 8. 3(N01), AN — ŠU2 ("into the hand of"/receipt formula) — en(-official) Reverse: 9. 2(N02) 10. 5(N14) 1(N01) 11. 1(N14) 5(N01) 12. 1(N34) 6(N01), KISZ — KI

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4538

6(N01), KIŠ 2(N01), woman(?)/SAL — calf 4(N01), LAM-calf [...] (break) 1(N14) 2(N01) [=12], LAGAB-TE-KIŠ — calf(?) — sanga-official (great) — SZITA — X X [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4540

(Case 1) 4(N14) units — barley. 9(N19), 3(N04) (numerical notation). — ARARMA2 (institution, perhaps 'brewery'/malting-house), 'new'/fresh, [the] musician (NAR), soapwort/natron (NAGA)? — [the] carpenter (NAGAR), flour (ZI), [the] temple administrator (SANGA). 3(N19) — [the] overseer/total (PAP), day(s) (U4), barley(?) (SZE3). — ARARMA2 (institution). — plow-worker/plow-category (APIN), Uruk (UNUG). — (blank compartment / end of entry).

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4542

[...] 2(N34) 2(N14) [...] — [2 unidentified signs] [...] 2(N34) [...] — [2 unidentified signs] — SAL (woman/female-worker sign), PU2(?), EN (lord / high official), [unidentified sign] [...] 1(N14) 5(N01) — 3(N57) BAN (capacity-measure sign) 1(N14) 3(N01) — E2 (storehouse/building sign), [unidentified sign] 6(N34) 2(N14) 3(N01) — DARA4 (wild-goat/ibex sign), DU8×UDU (compound sheep/livestock sign), SANGA (temple administrator), NUN (exalted one / storehouse[?]), GAL (great), SZITA (dagger/mace-implement sign)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4543

1(N01) — GAL~a SUHUR@g: 1 [unit], large/great carp(-fish) 2(N01) — SUHUR: 2 [units], carp(-fish) 3(N01) [...] — SUHUR# [...]: 3 [units, ...], carp(-fish) [...] [...] — [...]: (break) 6(N01)# [...] — X [...]: 6 [units, ...], [illegible sign] [...] 2(N14) 4(N01) — SZITA@g~b: 24 [units], shita-vessel/object 2(N01) — SZU SZA3~a1 SILA3~a: 2 [units], 'hand'(received?)/inner-store, sila-measure 1(N01) — |TA~dxMASZ| SILA3~a: 1 [unit], TAxMASZ-sign, sila-measure [...] — [...] X: (break, traces only) [...] — [...]: (break) — [...] EN~a#? X U4#? X: [...] EN(?) [...] X, day(?) X [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4561

Obverse (Case 1) 1(N34) 2(N01), 1(N39~a) (Case 2) 1(N51) 2(N01), 1(N24) (Case 3) 2(N51) 3(N01)?, 1(N28)? (Case 4) 5(N51)? 1(N14)? 2(N01)?, 1(N29~a)? (Case 5) 1(N54) 5(N51), [......] (Case 6) [blank/broken], (Column ii) (Case 7) 2(N20) 3(N42~a)? [......], [......] (Case 8) 2(N20) x 1(N25), [......] (Case 9) 2(N20) 4(N05), [......] (Case 10) 5(N20) 2(N42~a) 1(N25) 1(N28~c), [......] (Case 11) 1(N46) 2(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a)? 1(N25)? 1(N29A~c), x (Case 12) 2(N46) 4(N20) 1(N05)? 3(N42~a) 1(N25), x BA? (Case 13) 1(N46) 2(N20) 2(N05) [......], barley (ŠE~a) (Case 14) 1(N37) 6(N20) 3(N05) 3(N42~a) 1(N…

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4563

1. 7(N14) — courtyard/storage-compound (of) fish 2. [...] 2(N01) — [unidentified signs] 3. 2(N14) — [unidentified signs] 4. 2(N14) — boat/container-vessel, border/side(?) 5. 6(N14) — storehouse, [unidentified sign] 6. 2(N01)(?) — [...], [unidentified sign] 7. [...] 2(N01) — [unidentified sign], [...] 8. 1(N01) — [unidentified sign], [...] 9. [count uncertain] — garden-plot/area(?), [unidentified sign], silver(?) 10. 2(N45) 4(N01) — barley, remainder/allocation, water 11. [blank/illegible]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4568

(Obverse) [...] 2(N01) , [...] KI MUD BU~a [break in surface / signs eroded] [...] X , IM~a [...] SZE~a ("barley") [...] , [...] X UR5~a [...] , [...] X KU6~a ("fish") KISAL~b1 ("courtyard/storage-area") (ruled dividing line) (Reverse / totals line) 3(N14) 2(N01) 2(N39~a) , SZE~a ("barley") DA~a KU6~a ("fish") KISAL~b1? ("courtyard/storage-area")

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4570

1. 2 (units) — [......] ... kid-goat(s) (MASZ2), [compound sign] U4×3(N57) 2. [......] — ... UMUN2 (a lordly title/function) 3. 1 (unit) — nanny-goat(s) (UD5) in the livestock pen (TUR3), ME (category/quality marker) 4. 1 (unit)# — [compound sign] U4×3(N57), PIRIG (lion / lion-product?) 5. 1 (N14-unit) — SU, SA, disbursed (BA)#, NI (oil/fat?)#

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4571

(Obverse) [...] 1(N14) [...], ewe (U8) 5(N14) 7(N01), ram (UDUNITA) [...] 1(N14) 4(N01), [X — sign broken/illegible] 1(N34) [...] 6(N01), nanny goat (UD5) [...] 6(N01)(?), billy goat (MAŠNITA) (blank case), sheep (UDU), storehouse/E2(?) [...] [...] 3(N14) 7(N01)(?), KIR11 (ewe) 5(N14)(?), foreign-land lamb (KUR SILA4) 3(N14) 1(N01), female goat (SAL MAŠ) 2(N14), foreign-land goat (KUR MAŠ) 3(N01), lamb (SILA4)(?) [X] (blank case), AN [X] [...] (blank case) — traces only, remainder illegible/uninscribed

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4572

1. [...] ...(illegible) SAG(?) ... [...] 2. 1 GIR3(?) [foot/transport sign — damaged] 3. 1 EN [lord/official], ŠA3 [interior/contents], HI [qualifier — 'mixed'?] 4. 1 BAHAR2 [potter/vessel-maker] 5. 1 GIR3(?) DIM(?) ... [signs damaged] 6. ... [illegible sign] 7. (blank / broken) (Break) 8. [...] ... UDU~a(?) [sheep/small livestock — damaged]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4588/4

1. [N] , [...] barley(SZE~a) BU~a(sign, uncertain: plant/pluck/blow/disbursement marker) 2. 1(N01) 3(N39~a) , [...] 3. [N] , [...] 4. [N] , X [...] 5. N? , jar(DUG~c?) X X [...] 6. 1(N01) [...] , [...] 7. [...] , [...] X 8. [...] , [...] X 9. [...] , [...] X

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4590/1

[...] 1(N42) 1(N25) , [...] 3(N39) 1(N24) , LAGAB(?) [...] 1(N01) , X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] EN X 3(N14) , |EZEN×X| [...] , [...] , SI X GU7 [...] , [...] , |U4×6(N57)|(?) GIBIL SANGA DUB

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4590/2

(Obverse) Line 1: 5 (units of measure N14), the sign-group |EZEM~axX| (festival-compound sign), [broken sign], PAP~a (totaling/supervisory mark) Line 2: [break], SI (horn/commodity sign), GU7 (consumed / disbursed) Line 3: 1 (N01), 1 (N39~a), 1 (N24), [break] Line 4: 3 (N01), 3 (N39~a), 1 (N24), [break], [illegible sign] Line 5: 1 (N45), 2 (N14), [broken numeral], 3 (N01), [break], [...] (Reverse and edges: uninscribed or bear only numerical/seal impressions — no further legible sign groups preserved.)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 001

(Case/heading line) U4 (day/time-marker) — NI.RU (given/deposited) — A (water/at?) — KI (place) — BU~a (disbursement/plant-marker) — AB~a (cattle-stall/institution) (Case 2) 1(N45) 5(N50) [N] units — GAN2 |ŠE~a&ŠE~a| (field of barley/grain-field) (Case 3) 1(N50) [2(N14) n] — GURUŠ~a SAL (male worker[s], female [worker(s)]) (Case 4) 3(N45) 2(N50) 5(N14) [N] units — GAN2 KI A (field, at the place of water/irrigation) (Total line) 5(N45) 3(N50) 4(N14) 3(N01) — LAGAB~b (total/sum) GAN2 (field) BU~a (disbursement) KI (place) NI.RU (given/deposited) AB~a (institution) APIN~a (plow)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 002

1. 2(N45) 3(N50) 4(N14) — (entry): EN(-a), field (GAN2) 2. 1(N45) 1(N50) 7(N14) — (entry): at/from (KI), BU(-a) 3. 1(N14) 2(N22) 5(N01) — (entry): wood (GIŠ), at/from (KI), portion (BAR) 4. 3(N45) 5(N50) 2(N14) 2(N22) 5(N01) — (entry): field (GAN2), cattle-stall/institutional store (AB-a), NI(-a).RU (given/deposited), IL [...] (broken — text lost)

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 003

(Case 1) [...] field(s) — place — ŠAGAN (official/vessel-sign). (Case 2) 4(N50) 9(N14) 1(N22) — EN (lord/high official) — field. (Case 3) 2(N50) 4(N14) 2(N22) — place — BU. (Case 4) 4(N08) — wood — place — BAR. (Case 5, total) 1(N45) 1(N50) 4(N14) 4(N08) — LAGAB (total/enclosure) — field — place — ŠAGAN.

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 007

1. 3(N14) 4(N01) 1(N39~a) — [broken sign] barley (ŠE~a) [...] 2. 3(N19) 4(N04) — reddish/processed commodity (SI4~f), BU~a, PAP~a, NAM2 [(damaged)] 3. 6(N19) [...] — [broken sign], place/locative (KI), [broken sign] [...] 4. 4(N19) 1(N04) 3(N41) — "in hand of"/received (ŠU?) [...] 5. — lord/official (EN~a), reed-measure (GI), [broken sign] [...] 6. 8(N14) 1(N01) 4(N39~a) — field/GAN2, barley (ŠE~a) 7. [2(N46) 7(N19) 5(N04) 4(N41) 1(N24~b)?] — barley (ŠE~a), reddish/processed (SI4~f) 8. 1(N36) 6(N14) 1(N01) 3(N39~a) 1(N24) — barley (ŠE~a), lord/official (EN~a)

Economy

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