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A curated narrative reconstruction of humanity's first great civilization, sourced from the tablets themselves. Open scholarship, beautifully accessible.

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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Page 8 / 1497

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4571

[...] 1(N14)[+?], [...] ewes 5(N14) 7(N01), male sheep (wether/ram) [...] 1(N14) 4(N01), [broken sign] 1(N34) [...] 6(N01), she-goats [...] 6(N01)[?], female goat (nanny-goat) , sheep — house/stall [...] [...] 3(N14) 7(N01)[?], KIR11 [young animal / suckling?] 5(N14)[?], mountain [breed] — lamb 3(N14) 1(N01), female sheep — goat-kid 2(N14), mountain [breed] — goat-kid 3(N01)[?], lamb [broken sign] , AN [broken sign] [...] [blank / end of account]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4572

[...] X SAG(?) X [...] 1 GIR3~c (delivery/transport notation?) 1 EN (high official/lord) — internal (ŠA3) — mixed/combined (HI) 1 BAHAR2~b (potter/ceramic specialist) 1 GIR3~c(?) DIM~a(?) X (transported/fashioned [commodity] — damaged) X (sign unclear) [blank line / total line?] [...] X UDU (sheep?) [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4588/4

[N] , [...] barley BU~a 1(N01) 3(N39~a) , [...] [N] , [...] [N] , X [...] N? , vessel? X X [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4590/1

[...] 1(N42~a) 1(N25) , [...] 3(N39~a) 1(N24) , LAGAB~a[?] [...] 1(N01) , [X] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] EN~a [X] 3(N14) , |EZEN~axX| [...] , [...] , SI[?] [X] GU7[?] [...] , [...] , |U4x6(N57)|[?] GIBIL SANGA~a DUB~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4590/2

5(N14) [units of] |EZEM~axX| X PAP~a [X units of] SI GU7 (consumed/disbursed) 1(N01) 1(N39~a) 1(N24) , 3(N01) 3(N39~a) 1(N24) , [X] 1(N45)# 2(N14) [N] 3(N01) , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 001

Header/date formula: [Day] ... NI~a.RU, water(?), place, BU~a, AB~a [1(N45)] 5(N50) [n] , [Field — grain (barley)] 1(N50) [2(N14) n] , [Male laborers — women] 3(N45) 2(N50) 5(N14) [n] , [Field — place, water] 5(N45) 3(N50) 4(N14) 3(N01) , Total field — BU~a, place, NI~a.RU, AB~a, plow

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 002

2(N45) 3(N50) 4(N14) : EN [field/category] GAN2 1(N45) 1(N50) 7(N14) : KI BU~a 1(N14) 2(N22) 5(N01) : GISZ KI BAR 3(N45) 5(N50) 2(N14) 2(N22) 5(N01) : GAN2 AB~a |NI~a.RU| IL# [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 003

[...] field-plot, place/origin: ŠAgaN 4(N50) 9(N14) 1(N22) — EN, field-plot 2(N50) 4(N14) 2(N22) — place: BU 4(N08) — wood/timber, place: BAR 1(N45) 1(N50) 4(N14) 4(N08) — total: LAGAB-field-plot, place/origin: ŠAgaN

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 007

3(N14) 4(N01) 1(N39~a) , [commodity sign] BARLEY [...] 3(N19) 4(N04) , SI4~f BU~a PAP~a NAM2 6(N19) [...] , [sign] KI [sign] [...] 4(N19) 1(N04) 3(N41) , [SZU?] [...] , EN GI [sign] [...] 8(N14) 1(N01) 4(N39~a) , FIELD BARLEY [2(N46) 7(N19) 5(N04) 4(N41) 1(N24~b)?] , BARLEY SI4 1(N36) 6(N14) 1(N01) 3(N39~a) 1(N24) , BARLEY EN

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 008

[...] , [...] [1 large unit] [...] , [...] [1 large unit] [...] , [...] SANGA (temple administrator) [damaged] [...] , [...] [...] 2 [units] [...] , [...] IL [commodity/function] [damaged] 1 (large unit) , GI (reed?) TU~b [damaged] 1 (large unit) , KISZIK~a [...] 1 (large unit) , SANGA (temple administrator) [damaged] 1 (large unit) , EN (lord/high priest) [damaged] [...] 1 (large unit) [...] , [damaged] [...] [...] , [...] EN (lord/high priest) [damaged] 1 (large unit) 1 (smaller unit) , MASZ (kid/goat?) GAN2 (field/enclosure?) [damaged] [...] [...] 5 (large units) 1 (smaller unit) [...] , |g…

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 009

2(N01) [units of] |SZE~a&SZE~a| (grain/grain product), fish, men/workers [...] 1(N22) 2(N01) [units], tablet(?), X [...] 2(N22) [units], |NI~a.RU|(?), ME~a, TAK4~a [...] [...], field/land [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 014

[...] , [...] 1(N01)# , X X [...] 3(N01)# , [...] 3(N01)# , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 6(N14)# 2(N01)# 1(N24)# , [X] barley (SZE~a) — distribution (BA#) — plow / plowing (APIN~a#)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 025

Obverse: [Numerical notation:] 2(N14) 3(N01) 4(N39~a) 1(N24) — barley [and/or ...] — tablet / scribe(?) — reed — fish + 1(N02) — beer(?) — [cereal?] [Reverse, damaged:] [...] — [...] — fish + 1(N02) — tablet / scribe(?) — reed

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 030

20 + 2 [units]: barley(?), new(?), [commodity/vessel type URI3~a], distributed(?); [...]: [...]; [...]: |hand+hand|(?), plow-[worker?], EN-[official?], AN, ME, hand [...]; 20 + 5 [units]: barley(?); 3 [large units]: 20 + 1(N19) + 2 [units]: |hand+hand|, barley(?), field/GAN2, GI(reed/reed-bundle?)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 031

3(N14) 2(N01) — NIMGIR, NIM[~b1?] 1(N14) — MU[?], SZU 1(N14) — MU[?], [...] [4(N01)] — [...] [...] X, UB[?...] |SZU&SZU| 6(N14) — ŠE (barley)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 032

1(N20) 4(N05) 1(N42~a) , NAR [grain/commodity] [...] 3(N14) 3(N01) 1(N39~a) , storehouse grain BU~a 4(N05) , BA AL DU , NAR A [3(N14)] , [...] 2(N20) 4(N05) , grain BAR [...] 2(N20) 1(N05) , grain , [...] AL BA [5(N14)] 5(N01) 1(N39~a) , NAR A 7(N14) 5(N01) , grain BA AL DU , SAG

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 047

Obverse: [Line 1] 24 — barley (?) [and/or] workforce/people (ERIM) [Line 2] 21 [...] — oil/fat (NI) (and) barley (?), [...] [Line 3] 14 — [RU?] [...] [Line 4] 14 — [A?] sea/father/official (AB) [...] [Line 5] 1 [...] — [...] [...] [Line 6] [...] — [...] [Line 7] 11 — lord/official (EN) [and] DU [...] [Line 8] 10 — [...] weapon/cult-object (SZITA) house/institution (E2) [...] [Line 9] [...] — [...] servant/dependent (SZUBUR) TE [...] [Line 10] [...] — [...] Reverse / Summary line(s): [Line 11] 1(N14) 1(N58) 6(N14) 1(N01) 3(N08)? — barley [Line 12] 5(N19)? 2(N08b)? — TE [Line 13] 1(N14) 1(N58)…

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 048

5(N14)[?] , dagger-type vessel / UNUG [city sign?] X , barley / EN [lord?] 1(N45) 2(N01) , she-goat(s)[?] 1(N14) , cow-stall / storehouse 3(N01) , EN / TU[birth? delivery?] 3(N14) 5(N01) 3(N39~a) , UB [corner/section?] 1(N04) 2(N14) 2(N01) 2(N39~a) 1(N24) , |ŠU&ŠU| [combined hand sign] [...] 3(N14)[?] , X PAP [chief/father?] GI [reed?] BA [ration/allot?] ŠU [hand/receive?] [...] 4(N19) , X [...] 2(N19) 2(N04) , [...] 4(N14)[?] [...] , [...] 1(N19) , ŠU[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 058

[...] , [...] 1 , fish + 1(N02) [fraction/qualifier] 1 , NAM2? 1 , DU BARA3 3 , BAHAR2~c 1 , BIR3~b + MUSZ3~a[#] [...] , [...] 3(N14) 5(N01) , UB AB~a BAR SAG SI4~f?

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 066

1(N01)[?], dagger(?) — EN, Sea(?)/Father(?), Peg/Nail(?) 1(N01)[?], TAK4, plant/grass, head [...], [...] NIR[?] [...], [...] dagger(?)[?] 1(N01), plough — mother/female official 1(N01), EN — festival 1(N01), 1(N04), EN — [...] 8(N01), settlement/city — [...] 4(N01), hand/power — EN[?], x, [...] [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 068

1(N01), |SZU&SZU| 1(N01), BU~b, grain(?), RU 1(N01), SI, KISAL~b1 1(N01), EN~a, PAP~a 1(N01), 3(N57) 1(N01), AN, 3(N57) 1(N01), GU, 3(N57) 1(N01), SI, TUN3~a, SI, KISAL~b1 1(N01), MUSZEN (bird), NA~a, GI, ERIM~a 1(N01), [damaged sign], ERIM~a[?] [blank?], UB, AB~a[?], [...] 1(N14)[?] 4(N01)[?], UB, AB~a, BAR [...], SUG5[?], DU@g[?]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 076

2(N57) [sign: EN2 × É~b]? KASKAL, NAGAR~a [damaged sign] [...] [...] [damaged sign] [...] [damaged sign] EN~a [damaged sign] A [...] [damaged sign] SI [...] LAL2~a, MUSZ3~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 077

[...] , [...] X |GISZxSZU2~a| [...] , [...] ME~a E2~a [...] , [...] [...] , [...] X SAL EN~a [...] , [...] EN~a SAL TAK4~a A [...] , 3(N57) |EN2.E2~b| APIN~a 1(N42~a) , UR~a 1(N42~a)[?] , EN~a DI 1(N01) , NE~a UB ZATU798 [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 078

[...] 1(N30~a) X [...] 1(N01) 1(N39~a) , 2(N57) 1(N30~a) AN GUM 1(N01) 1(N39~a) 1(N24) , 2(N57) 1(N30~a) [...] 1(N01) , 1(N30~a) SZUBUR BU~a 1(N39~a) 1(N24) , 2(N57) 1(N30~a) |URU×HI| NAGA 3(N57) 1(N01) , X UB [...] [...] SZITA~a1[?] [...] 1(N34)[?] 2(N01)[?] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 085

[...] , [...] 5(N18) 2(N03) , 2(N34) 1(N14) 6(N01) [...] , UDU~a [sheep/goats] 1(N60)# 2(N52) , 3(N14) 5(N01)# , SZU2# 1(N14)# 2(N01)# , ME~a# 1(N14) 4(N01)# , ZATU753# [...] , KID~b# [...] [...] , [...] 1(N14) 5(N01) , DUR~b , X [...] |NI~a.RU| , GAL~a PA~a GI X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 086

9(N20)[?] , |U4×(1(N14).8(N01))| |U4×1(N57)| KASZ~b 1(N34) 2(N01) [...] , sheep 6(N20) , [...] 2(N14)[?] [...] , [...] 3(N34)[?] [...] 1(N14)[?] [...] , sheep 1(N60) 2(N52) , 3(N14)[?] 5(N01) , SZU2 [...] 1(N34)[?] [...] , DUR~b [...] , GI[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 087

[...] , [...] reed? beer |U4×1(N57)| [...] 1(N60) 2(N52) [...] , 2(N14) 6(N01)# [...] , [...] X [...] , X [...] , reed? [...] 1(N47) 5(N20) 3(N05) , 5(N18) 2(N03) , 2(N01)#? [...] , [...] 1(N14) 2(N01) , [sign ME~a] [...] 4(N01) , [ZATU753] [...] , [KID~b] [...] , [...] |NI~a.RU|# [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 104

20 [units], barley remainder (?), beer, workers/gang [...] barley, ration/allocation, SANGA-official, |NI~a.RU| 13# [...] X [...] barley 20 [units], DA, AD 30 [units], IL, grass/fodder 10 [units], remainder, NI, head/chief [...] goats/kids, barley [2+2 large units + 2 small units], LAGAB, barley, ration/allocation [large quantity] [...] [large quantity] + 31+ [units], GIR3 (foot/path?), PA [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 106

1(N01), [sign U2~b] [...] 4(N01)[+?] [...], [sign ZATU644~a] [...], barley, [PA~a / branch-overseer sign], foot(-messenger?), |AMAR.2| [...] [...], barley, reed, [AB~a / sea-father-title sign] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 109

[4(N20)?] [...], [1(N03) 2(N40)], 1(N01)#, vessel type DUG~b 1(N01), vessel type DUG~c 1(N14), SZU2# [...], ZATU644~a 3(N01)#, ME~a ZATU753 4(N01)# [...], MA# 7(N01), apple(s)/fruit (HASZHUR#) [2(N14)#] 4(N01), sheep (UDU~a) 3(N14), SUHUR# 2(N52), |NI~a.RU| GIBIL SU~a 3(N57)# GU7# [...] [...], [personal/institutional name |ZATU714xHI@g~a|]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 110

[...] 1(N34) [...] 1(N14) 9(N01), AB~b DU X [...] 1(N34) 3(N14), X [...] [...], [...] 2(N14) 2(N01) [...], [...] 1(N14) 1(N01) [...], [...] [...], [...] 1(N34) 1(N14) [...], [...] GI 1(N35) 2(N15) 3(N02), X [...] 9(N34) 3(N14) 3(N01), MASZ GAN2 UDU [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 113

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] vessel (DUG) beer? (KASZ) [...] 2(N20) 1(N05) , EN X [...] [...] , [...] 1(N34) 1(N14) [...] , sheep (UDU) 3(N52) 1(N38) 2(N21) , [...] 2(N01) , hand/receipt (SZU2) [X ...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , mat/reed-mat (KID) half/disbursed (BAR) [...] 1(N51) 2(N14) , |6(N57).GAR| , [X] reed (GI) [...] , |U4×5(N57)| reed (GI) [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 115

2(N14)[+?] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] X 2(N01) , [into the hand of / received] 3(N01) , [commodity sign ZATU753] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , X X [...] , [...] [place?] [lord/EN-official]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 116

1 sheep, 2 SUHUR(-fish?), 1 sheep, 5 SUHUR(-fish?), [...] KAB? LAGAB GI, [...] ŠE (barley?), 2 sheep, 7 SUHUR(-fish?), 1(N40) [subtotal or grand total], [...] EN 1(N57)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 118

Obverse: 3 [units], [...] potter (BAHAR2~b) 3 [units], male worker (GURUSZDA) [...] 3 [units], woman (SAL) — silver/precious metal (KU3~a), day/sun (U4), water/liquid (A), noble/eminent (NUN~a) 2 [units], [...], [...] 1 [unit], [...], [...] 1 [unit], [...], [...] Reverse: [too damaged to read]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 120

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] 3(N03) , 1(N01) , GA'AR~a1 [...] , [...] 1(N05)# [...] , [...] 1(N06) , [...] [...] , X 1(N01) , SIG7? SZE~a 1(N05) , 1(N24) , , [...] , DU KU6~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 135

[...] 2(N05) 2(N42~a) 1(N25) , |ZATU714xHI@g~a| [...] [...] 1(N01) , |DUG~cx1(N57)| [...] 1(N01) , [...] [...] 1(N01) , [...] X 4(N01)# , SZU2# [...] , ZATU753 [...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] 1(N52) , , |NI~a.RU|# GIBIL 2(N57) SU~a# [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01)# [...] ,

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 142

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] X 1(N01) , sheep [...] 1(N01) , X [...] 1(N01) , X X [...] , X X [...] 1(N01) 2(N39~a) , barley — beer — X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 143

[...] 3(N05) 3(N42~a), 5(N01), DUR~b NUNUZ~a1 [...] 1(N34), ZATU800 GISZ [...] 5(N01), KID~b [BAR] [...] 2(N14)[?], |5(N57).KU3~a|[?] , |NI~a.RU|[?] PA~a GIR3@g~b X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 150

[...] , fodder(?) A 1(N01) , MU [ZATU714×HI] [1(N01)] , [sheep] |U4.(1(N14).5(N08))| large SZAB [1(N01)] , [sheep] |U4×X| DI GIR3

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 154

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] 1(N01)# , SZU2# [...] , [...] — , BA — , SZU ZI~a — , GIR3@g~b DI [...] , [...] |U4×2(N01).X|# X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 161

1(N01) [unit], MA 4(N01) [units], HASZHUR (apple/orchard fruit) 2(N01) [units], MA ZATU735~b 1(N01) [unit], |GA2~a1×GESZTU~c3| (storehouse/container + ear?) 1(N01) [unit], [...] [commodity lost] [quantity lost], |NI~a.RU| (oil/fat — deposited/delivered?) [quantity lost], [...] MUSZ3~a (uncertain commodity) [quantity lost], [...] A LAM~b (water/liquid + grade/quality?) [quantity lost], UNUG~a (Uruk — institution or destination?)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 163

1 N01 — MA 4 N01 — HASZHUR [apple/orchard fruit] 2 N01 [broken] — [MA] ZATU735~b 1 N01 — |GA2~a1 × GESZTU~c5| [storehouse/container compound] 1 N01 — |UKKIN~b × DIN| [assembly/beverage compound?] — |NI~a . RU| [oil/fat dedicated/deposited?] — 3 N57 MUSZ3~a [three units of snake/divine category?] — UNUG~a [Uruk]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 172

[...], vessel (DUG-type)# [...], received/disbursed (SZU2) [...], [...] [...], [...] X 5 (units), apple(s)# 1 (unit), [container/storehouse of X]# 1 (unit), assembly# NUN~a TAK4~a KI# (remainder/leftover at [the NUN-place/institution]?) 1 (unit), [GA2~a1-type container] of barley |NI~a.RU| (oil/fat given/deposited?) 3 (units), MUSZ3~a Uruk

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 179

1(N01) [vessel/unit] — DUG~b (a jar type) 1(N01) [unit] — beer (KAŠ~c) 6(N01) — MA (boat/container?) 6(N01) — apple/fruit (ḪAŠḪUR) 4(N14) 4(N01) — [commodity X], cattle-stall (AB~a) 3(N14) — cattle-stall (AB~a), carp/fish (SUHUR) [...] — EN~a (lord/official), PA~a (overseer?), DUG~a (jar/container) 2(N52) — cattle-stall (AB~a) 3(N21) — EN~a (lord/official), DUG~a (jar), BAR (half-portion/disbursement) [blank/damaged] — GU7 (consumed/rationed), GA~a (milk?), [X] [blank/damaged] — GIBIL (fresh/new), 3(N57), SU~a, GU7 (consumed/rationed), GA~a (milk?) [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 183

[...] 3(N01), X [...] 1(N01), X [...] [...], [...] 1(N14) 1(N01) [...], GAN2 TI [...] 3(N01), [...] [...], [...] 2(N01), X ZATU750 1(N01), X [...], [...] X [...] 1(N01), X UDU~a[?] [...], [...] X 1(N14) 8(N01), X [...], X BA E2~a[?] SZU [...] 2(N01) [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 186

[...] X DU AB~a [...]\n1(N14) 10(N01) , EN~a PA~a ZATU776 1(N58)? AN 3(N57) [...]\n, U4 |NI~a.RU| [...]\n[...] , [...]\n1(N14) 1(N01) [...] , [...]\n1(N14) [...] , [...]\n4(N14) 7(N01) , LAGAB~b DUR~b X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 201

1(N01), GIR3~c[?] [...] 1(N01), [...] 1(N01) [...], [...] 1(N01)[?] [...], [...] 1(N01)[?] [...], [...] [...], [...] X SI[?] GU4

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 205

1(N01) [vessel/object?], GIR3@g [foot/delivery marker] X [...] 1(N01) [unit], goat — AN UB [divine/celestial bin?] 1(N01) [unit], goat — SZIR~a [unknown commodity/quality marker] NIM~b1 [high/eastern?] 1(N01) [unit], garment(?) — UB [bin/corner] 6(N01) [units], sheep 1(N01) [unit], garment(?) [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MSVO 1, 212

[...] DAḪ? X |SAGxMA|? KI? 1(N14) 7(N01) , |SAL.KUR~a| |SAGxMA| 1(N14) , |SAL.KUR~a| ERIM~a X [...] [2(N14)] 7(N01)? , |SAL.KUR~a|? UB PA~a? |SAGxMA|? SANGA~a? X EN~a? 1(N04)

1…7 8 9…1497