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~539 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cyrus Cylinder
Often called the world's first declaration of human rights — a 20th-century characterization that overstates its scope; it is, more accurately, a typical Mesopotamian royal accession text framed as Marduk's restoration of order. But its references to religious tolerance and the return of exiled peop…
Religion & Myth
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Astronomical tablet BM 32234
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay cuneiform tablet. Astronomical, lunar eclipse table for at least 609-447 BC. Dated 4th century BC. From Babylon. Refers to the murder of the Persian king Xerxe…
Astronomy & Mathematics
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Clay tablet. The cuneiform text mentions the murder of Xerxes I (r. 485-465 BCE) by his son and a lunar eclipse (609-447 BCE). From Babylon, Iraq. British Museum
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. The cuneiform text mentions the murder of the Achaemenid king Xerxes I (r. 485-465 BCE) by his son and a lunar eclipse (for at least 609-447 BCE). 4th…
Astronomy & Mathematics
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account of aromatics, Ebabbar archive MET ME86 11 118
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account of date disbursement, Ebabbar archive MET ME86 11 172
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account of dates as imittu-rent, Ebabbar archive MET ME86 11 65
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account of dates as irbu-revenue, Ebabbar archive MET ME79 7 38
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account of rent payment of pomegranates, Ebabbar archive MET ME86 11 165
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account of silver disbursements, Egibi archive MET ME79 7 26
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account of silver disbursements, Egibi archive MET ME79 7 36
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account record, inventory, Egibi archive MET ME79 7 34
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account regarding temple sheep, Ebabbar archive MET ME86 11 198
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account statement, Egibi archive MET ME79 1 21
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- Atra-hasis, Babylonian flood myth MET 266810
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Religion & Myth
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- Atra-hasis, Babylonian flood myth MET 266811
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Religion & Myth
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- declaration before witnesses, archive of Iddin-Nabu and Shellebi MET ME86 11 147
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- declaration before witnesses, Egibi archive MET ME79 7 32
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- fragment of a receipt for silver MET vsz86.11.477b
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- fragment of an accounting record MET ME86 11 339
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- fragment of an accounting record (?) MET vs86 11 482a
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- Gula incantation MET hb86 11 130
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Religion & Myth
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet impressed with seal- account of archers for military service, Ebabbar archive MET DP239004
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed-Seal Impressions
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet impressed with seal- account of payments to hired workers MET DP239006
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed-Seal Impressions
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet impressed with seal- account of payments to hired workers MET ME86 11 319
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed-Seal Impressions
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet impressed with seal- letter order, Ebabbar archive MET DP239002
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed-Seal Impressions
Daily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet impressed with seal- letter order, Ebabbar archive MET ME07 154 3A
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed-Seal Impressions
Daily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- letter, Ebabbar archive MET vs86 11 431
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Daily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- letter MET ME07 154 5A
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Daily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- letter MET ME86 11 101
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Daily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- letter order, Ebabbar archive MET vs86 11 449
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Daily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- loan with work agreement, Egibi archive MET ME79 7 24
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- receipt for dates, Egibi archive MET ME79 7 30
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- receipt for dates MET ME86 11 403
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- receipt for garments MET ME86 11 170
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- receipt for silver, archive of Bel-remanni MET ME86 11 201
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- receipt for silver MET ME86 11 330
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- receipt for silver MET ME86 11 400
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid (?); Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- record of receipt of unspun linen, Ebabbar archive MET ME07 154 1A
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- ritual fragment MET ME86 11 359
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid or Seleucid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
Religion & Myth
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- slave sale, Egibi archive MET ME79 7 25
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- slave sale, Egibi archive MET ME86 11 200
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- temple account MET ME86 11 178
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~450 BCE·Achaemenid PersianEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- temple account of bread MET ME86 11 402
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Babylonian or Achaemenid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~430 BCE·Achaemenid PersianOur engine
CUSAS 15, 067
3 shekels, less its fourth (part), of silver, belonging to Tatte-Eduru, son of Talīmu, (is a claim) against Aradiya, son of Mudû. In the month Simānu (III) the silver — the silver, 3 shekels less its fourth (part) — in the city Qatibe he shall pay. Witnesses: Tabnēa, son of Enlil-bāni; Mašê, son of Šamaš-zēr-ibni; Šamaš-šu(?), son of Balāṭu; and the priest (šangû) Rīmūt-Maš, son of Ḫanšâ-Eduru. City Qatibe. Month Addaru (XII), day 29, year 7 of Cambyses, king of Babylon, [king] of the lands.
LawEconomy
~430 BCE·Achaemenid PersianOur engine
CUSAS 15, 184
6 gur, 1 PI of barley, belonging to Tattannu, son of Talīmu, is a debt against Balāṭu, son of Ina-gissu-lugal. In the month of Addaru (itiŠE), he shall pay, in addition, 5 gur, 1 PI. Witnesses: Tattannu, son of Enlil-šum-iddin; Niqūdu, son of Mu-gub; Iškur-mu-ki-il, son of Iškur-ad-gub; Kussari. Scribe: Ba, son of A. Qatibat. Month Nisannu (Bāru), day 5, year 7, (of) Cambyses, king of Babylon, king of the lands.
EconomyLaw~430 BCE·Achaemenid PersianOur engine
OIP 092, 0032
(obverse) 104 (BAR measures of) flour, supplied by (kurmin) Bagizzana, was deposited (kutka) at Persepolis (Baršan); it was done (as) ditto (hu-ut-KI.MIN-na, i.e. handled the same way as in the preceding record). (reverse/final line) Year 24 (of the king).
Economy~430 BCE·Achaemenid PersianOur engine
OIP 092, 0036
292 (units of) tarmu-grain (emmer), allocation (kurmin) of Ḫumuštimana. Ummanunu received (it and) delivered it. Year 20.
Economy~430 BCE·Achaemenid PersianOur engine
OIP 092, 0037
112 (BAR measures of) tarmu-grain, supplied by Umuštimana: Išantu received (it) (du-ša); Kuizza (of/at?) Kurdušum — Hupannana received (it). Year 23 (lit. 'of the 23rd year').
Economy~430 BCE·Achaemenid PersianOur engine
OIP 092, 0038
140 (measures of) tarmu-grain, supplied by (kurmin) Babenana: Ummanunu received it (and) deposited/stored it (at) Kurdušum. (In the) 27th year.
Economy~430 BCE·Achaemenid PersianOur engine
OIP 092, 0039
(obverse) 1,000 (measures of) tarmu-grain, carried from Zakzaku, (under) Šur-sunkiri(?): Pirriašba received (it). (Year formula) 19th year.
Economy