Reading the tablets…
Reading the tablets…
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[...] 1(N58).BAD~a lord(?): IB~a (title/category) [...] linen(-garment): vizier great garment-official: overseer garment: overseer [...] great one of the throne(?) great one of the DI-sign(-office) temple-administrator of the X(-office) temple-administrator of the X(-office) ZATU725(?) spouse(?)
Writing & LiteratureDaily Life
1(N01), NAM2 [...] 1(N01), GAL~a ("great/large") SZAH2~a ("pig") 1(N01), NAM2 APIN~a ("plow") 1(N01), GAL~a [...] 1(N01), GAL~a ("great/large") SZAB~a 1(N01), PA~a NAM2 [...] 1(N01), AB~a [...] 1(N01), GAL~a [...]
Writing & LiteratureDaily Life
(obverse) [...] — [...] [...] — [...] 4 — ...(UR?) ... goat(s), DA 4 — given/deposited (RU) 4 — USZ(?), first quality [...] — [...] dar-bird(s) (francolin?) [...] — [...] DA, GA(?) 4 — calf/calves, the EN (lord/priest-ruler), disbursed(?) 2 — E2(?), BU, NINDA2xNE (ration/bread-measure sign) [...] — NINDA2xNE, two illegible signs, [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse, archaic administrative entries) [...] : PA (overseer/classifier), oxen(?) 4(N14) [= 40?] : first-fruits offering (NESAG), with(?) the EN (lord), NAM2, KAB, GAR (placed?) 5(N14) [= 50?] : field (GAN2), cow(?) ..., the EN(?) 3(N14) [= 30?] : ..., AD(?) 3(N14) [= 30?] : KA, mound (DU6) 2(N50) 7(N14) : field (GAN2), (the sign) SILA3-vessel-in-jar (a capacity/vessel designation) [...] : IB, goat (MASZ), copper [...] : TUM3 (brought/delivered?), tablet (DUB) [...] : MUSZ3, ... (damaged) 2(N14) [= 20?] : GISZ×SZU2, ... [break] 2(N14) [= 20?] : BU [break] 2(N14) [= 20?] : ..., BU [break] 4(N…
Economy
(obverse, single column; sign-groups without numerals — an archaic text of uncertain genre, rendered sign by sign) 1. Fish ... TU ("born"?) 2. NAM2 NAM2 (a doubled title/category sign) 3. NAM2(?) — dagger (GIR2) 4. Delivered(?) (DU) — AN — water (A) 5. Yoke(?) (ŠUDUN) — RI 6. Yoke(?) (ŠUDUN) — dagger (GIR2) 7. ... — water (A) — NI 8. Fire(?) (NE) — day (U4) — RA 9. NI — RA 10. ŠE3 — BU 11. Day (U4) — builder/mason (ŠIDIM) — foot(?) (GIR3, damaged) 12. To carry(?) (IL) — left(-hand)(?) (GUB3) — ... 13. ... — (an archaic sign of unidentified value) — dog(?) (UR) — NI — to sit(?) (DUR2) 14. Mixed…
Religion & MythDaily Life
(obverse) [1?] ... field(?) (GAN2) [1?] Sud-ur(?) 1 — U-ma 1 — Šul-šul 1 — ... [...] 1 — Šul-la 1 — a woman, ... (SAL + illegible sign) (remainder broken; reverse uninscribed/eroded)
Economy
(obverse) [1] female kid — X-me-en (name partly illegible) [1] nanny goat — Zur-zur ... ... [...] (line too damaged to read) 1 (male) kid — En-kulaba-si 1 female kid — Nanna-mud 1 female kid — Igi-gigi 2 (male) kids — [...] (recipient's name lost in break)
Economy
(obverse) 1. NI NI — ... (two NI signs; perhaps 'oil'?) ... 2. MA NI AN NA — a container(?) ... AN ... (reading of the sign cluster uncertain) 3. NA NI — ... 4. NA NI — ... 5. NI ŠEŠ — ... brother(?) ... 6. (one illegible sign) 7. Tablet [...] 8. Tablet ... (DUB NE) 9. AK NIM GI₄ — ... performed(?) ... returned(?) ... 10. (illegible sign) SI — ... horn(?)/SI ... (Break) 11. Mother(?) (AMA) [...] 12. Addition(?) (DAH) [...] 13. Addition(?) (DAH) ... tablet ... syrup/honey (LAL₃) (reverse: uninscribed / broken away)
Economy
(obverse) [...] SAR [...] UR(?)-A [Pa]-bilga(?) [...] SI-A(?) [Amar(?)]-e-gibil 1 [...] 1 ... SI(?) [1(?)] the governor (ensi) (remainder, including reverse, uninscribed or effaced)
Economy
(Beginning broken) 1 — beer(?) 1 — beer(?) 1 — ... multicolored(?) ... 2 — ME, NAGA(?) (Break) ... KU(?), work-troop(?), KI 1 — [...] 2 — é-ak ("of the house"?) (Break) 2 — [...] barley 1 — ... 2 — ... (Remainder lost)
Economy
... calves. 1 sheep — Amar-egal ('Calf-of-the-palace'). [...] sheep — Nanna-duggen. 1 kid goat — Ama-e-si. 1 sheep (and) nanny-goat — ...-gi (name partly unreadable).
Economy
1 — Šešib-du (ŠEŠ+IB-du10) 1 — Ur-ge (Ur-ge6, "dog/man of the night") 1 — Amar-ME-TE 1 — Amar-Niraḫ ("calf of the snake-god Niraḫ") 1 — Ama-ulgal [1 — Munus?]-alan 1 — Pabilga 1 — Bil-mesi 1 — Ama-GAsi (ama-GA2-si) (remainder broken)
Economy
Obverse: 2 (units) — young animal(s) of Nirah(?), first quality(?) 1 (unit) — ... (two illegible signs) ... egg(?) 1 (unit) — MU [...] 2 (units) — Dilmun 2 (units) — [...] ... AN ... (unidentified archaic sign)
Economy
(obverse) [1 , ...] ... aromatics(?) (ŠIM) [1 , (name lost)] [1] , Amar-sar [1] , Ur-[...] [1] , Nanna-šul(?) 1 , ... DU8 ŠU [sila(?)] 1 , [...]-Nirah(?) 1 , Ama-IGI-BUR 1 , Ba-za 1 , Amar-ib [1] , Nanna-[...] 1 , [...]-PA 1 , ... [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse) [n (units of)] milk(?) — the donkey herdsman; 4 (jars of) barley beer — Lugal-[...]; [...] DIN; 1 (loaf of) bread, 1 jar — Ur-ga; 3 — remainder(?), the cupbearer: barley (and) bread of the daughter; 2 — bread (of) barley(?); 3 [...]; 1 jar — Sag-ku; 1 [...]; 1 [...]; 1 [...].
Economy
(beginning broken) [...] 1(N22) 3(N01): x [...] 1(N22) 3(N01): x [...] 1(N22) 3(N01): Nin-[...] 1(N22) 3(N01): BU NAM2(?) 1(N22) 3(N01): [...] 1(N22) [3(N01): ...] 2(N01): [...] 3(N01): [...] 1(N01): Nin-[...] 2(N01): x-[...] 3(N01): [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
[1(N22)] 3(N01) — Inanna-ak(?) [1(N22)] 3(N01) — Nun-[...] 1(N22) 3(N01) — Nun-da [...] 1(N22) 3(N01) — Ur-[...] 1(N01) — Ur-ig-A AK(?) PA A (closing notation, function unclear)
Economy
(obverse) 2 (large measures) — festival(?) (of) Ama-endu 33 [...] [...] ... (an unidentified archaic sign, UET 2 no. 67?) 20 — IM(?) (clay/tablets? — commodity unclear) 30 [...] 3(?) [...] PA (overseer?) AK(?) (— delivered/made?) (remainder lost; reverse uninscribed or effaced)
Economy
(obverse) 2 (jars) of first-quality beer, me-NAGA(?): the overseer (and) commissioner; 1 (jar): Amar-SZAGAN; 1 (jar): Ak-SZAGAN; 1 (jar), (with) small bread: Ak, the cupbearer; 1 (jar): the donkey herdsman; 1 (jar): the cook (engiz). (reverse: uninscribed apart from the continuation of the sealing/first case; no further text)
Economy
1 (unit) — NINDA₂xŠIM-bread of crushed emmer, on the day of the festival: consumed; giving of bread. 1 (unit) — AB SAR DU₈, AN-GANxḪI, KA GUR. 1 (unit) — TI SUR A, AN-GANxḪI, KA GUR. 1 (unit) — KA GUR, AN-GANxḪI. On the day of Nanna: TI KA UR consumed; giving of bread. 2 (tens) — AN-GANxḪI, GUR(!). KA(?) consumed; AN-GANxḪI(!).
Economy
(obverse) 2 (units of) gi (reed-bundles) — Amar-abzu; 7 — Utu-ursag; 5 — Sag-ayada; [...] ... SAG?-DA (entry broken); 9 — Pabilga; 2 — Šubur-la, the PA-A official(?); 12 — En-abzusi. (final line, signs of uncertain reading:) ... A, KA2 (gate?), GIR, DIM3-DIM3, A, A?, KA2, SAL, KA2 ...
Economy
(obverse, column i) 20 [units of] šim-bread (NINDA₂׊IM) — Aklulu; 4 — šen-vessels — Ama-pagusi; 1 — the nam₂-bil official(?); 1 — Amar-enun; 1 — ... (name illegible); [...] — ... (line broken); (column ii) 1 — ... (signs uncertain: IŠ ZU?); 1(N19) 2(N04) [measures] — cow(s); 11 [and] 1(N08) [i.e. a fraction] — bread of the me-rites(?) of Ur (Ararma); 1 — barley beer; 1(N08) — the nam₂ [official] of the ŠEŠ+IB [priesthood]; 1(N08) — Ludu; 4 — the abgal (sage-priest).
Economy
(obverse) 3 [each] — [...] 3 — [...] 3 — ... (illegible) 4 — ... (illegible) 2 — ... (illegible) 2 — [...] 2 — ... ... UR (personal name or personnel designation) 1(?) — ŠEŠ+IB (name or category) 1(?) — ... 1(?) — ... 1(?) — GAL-... (a 'great/senior' title or qualifier; second sign illegible) 1(?) — ... 2 — ... (total:) 60 (6 × 10) — barley on hand.
Economy
(obverse) 3 [+ ...] — [...] 2 — the ruler (ensi) of Ur, 25 — Lu-dugin, 8(?) — the lady (nin), [n +] 2 — Amar-e, ... property/assignment(?) (NIG2 nam), 3 tens (30) — the ruler (ensi) of ...(a place written with an archaic sign + KI), 1 ten 2 (12) — the ruler (ensi) of Ur, 1 ten (10) — the "woman of the statue" (munus-alan-ak); received (IL2). (reverse / total) 2 sixties 3 tens 5 (= 155) — cultivated field(s), plow, ... [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse) 45 — Nunuzzi-Nanna, 30 — the chief craftsman (kindagal), 10+[n] — Nanna-ursag, [n]+4 — Aya-zida, [...] ... EN ... [...] (reverse) 60 — [...]-ga, 60 — Pa-Enki, 60 — ... (NIG2) of the overseer (kingal) ..., (Break) 240(?) — ... (DUR2) the people of Ur.
Economy
(obverse) [...] , [...] [...] — bread ration(?) [...] — the herald of AMA [...] — SI (horn?) 1 — Lu-amar ("Man-of-the-calf") 1 — Igi-bur 1 — AB-... (two signs illegible) 1 — ... (illegible) 1 — Ak(?)-An [...] 1 — ...-amar-bird(?) 1 — the herald of AMA (no numeral) — AB, šita-priest (no numeral) — AB, šita-priest(?) [...]
Economy
(obverse) [...] , [...] ... (illegible sign) [...] , aromatic substance(?) ... fuel(?) [...] 1 , [...] ... bird [...] , [...] hoe(?), water(?), assembly(?) (Break) ... , salt(?) — donkey ... , "made/delivered"(?) — (unidentified commodity sign ZATU687) [...] , barley(?) — salt(?)
Economy
Obverse 1. 4(N34) 4(N14) 6(N01) [...] (= 286+ units) — KAL, flax(?) [...] 2. 2(N34) 4(N14) (= 160 units) — flax(?), BU ... [...] 3. 2(N34) 2(N14) 8(N01) (= 148 units) — TUR ("small"-category?) [...] 4. 8(N34) [...] 5(N14) 5(N01) (= 535+ units, total line?) — ŠE, AN, talents(?) of flax (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse; column of case-divided entries, upper lines broken) [...] , [...] AMAR(calf?) ME IB [...] , Ama-alan[...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1 , HI-Nanna, the mason (šidim) (no numeral preserved) , Ama-... (GAN×HI?) AK [...] , AN(divine?) Ama-MUŠ [...] (rest broken)
Economy
(obverse) 3 (units): KAL-DUG, ... : GAN-AMA, 1 (unit): AK-AN-MUŠ, 1 (unit): UR(?)-MA-NUNUZ, 1 (unit): ḪI-GIŠ-GI, 2 (units): GAL-SAG(?) ... [...], 1 (unit): SAG-GAL-MU-GU, 2 (units): U-NU-ME, 1 (unit): GAL-...-NI-... [...], 1 (unit): BU-[...], [...] : [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse; all lines broken at the beginning) [...] ... [...] [...] ... pig(?) [...] 7(N14) [= 70]: calves, ... of the storehouse [...] 9(N14) [= 90]: SAR-vessels(?) (garden produce in MA-containers?) [...] 5(N14) [= 50]: calves, ... jar-with-HI(?) [...] ... [...] ... HI(?) (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse) [...] — GARA2 (dairy/cream), chief overseer (PA GAL). 4(N14) (= 40) — UR, first grade (or: the person Ur-sag). [...] 1(N14) (= [x+]10) — Nanna (the temple institution of Nanna), first grade. 1(N14) (= 10) — [...] 3(N14) (= 30) — [...] 2(N22)? — [...] 2(N01) (= 2) — [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse; all lines fragmentary) [...] ... [...] hand (ŠU) [...] ... [...] ... [...] ... person (LU2) [...] ... [...] day (U4) [...] ... — dagger (GIR2) 30 (3 × N14) — ŠITA-official(?) ... (sign LAK350) [...] ... [...] lord (EN) [...] ... [...] [...] (line lost) [...] (line lost) [...] ... [...] calf (AMAR) [...] ... [...] calf (AMAR) 10 (1 × N14) [...] — [...] dairy fat / cream (GARA2)?
Economy
Obverse: 1(N45) [= 600?] [...] — [...] [...] (line broken) 3(N14) [= 30] [...] — [...] [...] (line broken) ... courtyard(?) — calf(s) 1(N45) [= 600?] — NUN(-official/storehouse), door(?) ..., (sign lost) 1(N14) [= 10] — GI4 ..., (sign lost) ..., cattle-stall(?) ..., (sign lost) 1(N34) [= 60] — (commodity written with the compound sign NINDA₂×(GIŠ.DAR))
Economy
(obverse) 3 kid goats — E2-a-mud-nun (household of A-mud-nun?); 2 — Ne-gish-pap-gal-gir; 2 — Alan-ne-pap-[gaʾar?]; 1 — the tablet-man (scribe, Lu-dub); 2 — Ni-ud-mushen ("...-bird"). (reverse: uninscribed / broken away)
Economy
(obverse) 2(?) — barley (for) beer, — Ur-Nanna, first quality (SAG); 1 — first-quality beer, 2 — bread (GAR), — before Bur-ama-gal, the vizier; 1 — first-quality beer, — An-im, the spouse(?) ... [sign lost]; 1 — first-quality beer, — Tur-ur; 1 — first-quality beer, — Lugal-maš; 7 — bread (GAR), Lugal-kab-DA; — ... [final line illegible]. (reverse: uninscribed or effaced apart from faint traces)
Economy
(obverse, column 1) 2 (N51 grain-measures) — bread(-rations) (GAR) of Nanna; Sag-Ur. 2 (N51) 1 (N14 grain-measures) — SI, ME, NAGA (?). 1 (N51) 1 (N34) 2 (N14 grain-measures) — Amar-gibil, of the household (E₂). (no number) — ḪI׊E₃ (sign compound; label or personal name). (no number) — ... (sign lost) ... GI₄, bread(-rations) (GAR). 2 (N51) [+ broken sign] — [rest of line lost]. (remainder of tablet uninscribed or effaced)
Economy
(obverse, fragmentary entries) [...] , [...] ... AMA (mother/female overseer?) ... A 3 (units, N01 notation) , barley [...] , [...] TI [of/at?] the house/storehouse (E2) [...] , [...] a šagan-vessel(?) [...] , [...] AK (made/performed?) ... AN ... MUŠ3 (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse) 4 (N1 units) — barley, (in) NINDA₂׊IM (ration-vessel measure) — the governor (ENSI); 2 (N14 tens) — barley; 5 (N19 large-capacity units) — wood(?) LA...(?) [...]; 1 (N1 unit) — barley, (in) NINDA₂׊IM (ration-vessel measure); — ... MIR-A (personal name or designation); 2 (N1 units) — barley — A; 1 (N1 unit) — the great LUGAL(-official) ... RA(?)-PA₃(?); [...] — [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse) [...] 3 tens (30) — KAL, GAR (bread?) — the chief (GAL), GIR2 1 sixty(?) + 3 tens (90) — barley, GAR (bread?) — ZI, ZI, NA 1 sixty + 3 tens (90) — barley, GAR (bread?) — calf/junior [...] [...] 3 tens(?) (30) — AN, ... (sign illegible) [...] — [...] 1 sixty(?) + 3 tens(?) (90?) — horn(s)/SI [...] — house(?), ME(?), calf/junior (blank entry — end of preserved text; reverse uninscribed)
Economy
(obverse) [...] ... [...] ... barley(?), flour(?) ... oil(?), flour 1(N34) 6(N14) — barley ... delivered (lit. "made") 1(N36) 1(N19) — ASZ2-grain ... the Lady (NIN) ... field of Nanna (reverse uninscribed)
Economy
(obverse, fragmentary) [...] ... LUM, KA(?), deficit(?) [...] 5 (N19-measures): cream/dairy fat, large [...] 3 (N19-measures): onions(?), cream/dairy fat, onions(?) [...] 2 (N19-measures): ME(?), NUN(?) [...] (remainder of the tablet broken)
Economy
Obverse: 4(N14) — field(?): ŠEŠ+IB (group/designation), wine; 1(N14) 1(N22) 3(N01) — ME, sheep; 2(N14) — ŠEŠ ... (sign illegible); [...] — [...]; 1(N14) [...] — [...]; ... — ME, AN [...]; 7(N14) — ... (illegible sign), LUGAL [...]; 1(N14) ... [...] — [...]. (Remainder broken; the reverse is eroded and preserves no legible text.)
Economy
(obverse) [...] ... [...] 1(N14) [= 10] [...] ... [...] ... PA-official(?), horn, Ur (URI5); 1(N45) [= 600] ... wood, "standard(+IB)" emblem, TI(?), of the Land (kalam); 8(N14) [= 80] calves of the courtyard; [...] ... [...] DUG×HI-vessel(?), calf(?); ... barley — deposited (as) rations. (reverse uninscribed)
Economy
(obverse, fragmentary; entries in cases with numerals) [...] — field(?), AN, young animal [...] — dais(?), AMA (senior female / mother-sign) [...] — [...] ... (illegible sign) 1 (N22-unit) — ..., GA2-container(?), ..., DA (unresolved marker) 3 (units) — first-quality(?) ..., UR 3 (units) — SI (horn/implement?), AMA, (of the) Abzu [...] — [...] ... (illegible) [...] — [...] (line lost) 2 (tens) 1 (N22-unit) 2 (units) [...] — GISZ3(?) [...] 4 (units) — ... [...] 1 (N22-unit) 3 (units) — ... [...] (summary?) [...] 1 (ten) — day(?), first(?) [...]
Economy
(obverse) 45 — ... (broken sign), GAL ("great"?), GAR (no number preserved) — NI, ZI (flour?) 58 — AK 30 — barley, Ur(?), PA-official, A[...] 30 — AMA (senior female official / "mother"?), ALAN (figure/statue?) 30 — [...] HI(?), PA-official 40 — sanga-official, AMAR (calf / junior) (Break) [...] ... [...] (reverse: uninscribed apart from scratches; edges uninscribed)
Economy
(obverse) [...] , [...] [...] 1(N14) [= 10 units?] , [...] of the Land (KALAM) 1(N51) , milk(?)-vessel(s) — calves 1(N51) , sheep, sheep [...] 3(N14) [= 30 units?] , the sanga-official — young animals (AMAR) (Break — three lines lost) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] (reverse / final section) 4(N51) 2(N14@f) , deficit — deposited (LA2 GAR) 5(N14@f) , deficit — deposited; MUŠ3 [...]
Economy
(obverse) 14 [+ x ...] ..., AK ("made/performed") 15 ..., NI-ZI (flour/ration category) 13 [+ x? ...] ..., ... [...] ..., wool(?), deposited(?), linen [...] ... [...] (remainder broken; reverse uninscribed)
Economy
(obverse, column entries; the tablet is broken on all sides) [...] ... [...] (illegible sign) [...] ... [...] (illegible sign) [...] ... [...] (two illegible signs) [...] ... [...] ... [...] [...] ... [...] 10 (1 × N14): ... [...] 40 (4 × N14) [...]: [...] female (workers?) of the household ... TI(-ration?) [...] 20 (2 × N14) [...]: [...] 20 (2 × N14) [...]: [...] [...] ... [...] (remainder broken)
Economy
(obverse) [...] ... [...] calf (AMAR) 1 — Gara-NE-pap-giš-PA 1 — ŠU₂+2(N57), ŠA₃, A ("... heart/interior, water") 1 — Lugal-ME-SI 1 — DUG×ḪI (a vessel), a man/person (LU₂) [...] ... [...] calf(?), calf (remainder broken; reverse uninscribed or effaced)
Economy