Position in chronology
UM 55-21-411
Translation · reference
ExperimentalSource: CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P228939.
Why it matters
Transliteration
buru5# buru5 hur buru5 nita buru5 gi-zi buru5 kar-kid buru5 ugu-du3 buru5# sag9#? buru5 zu2-lum-ma [buru5] habruda#-da [...]-nu# nuz# ga-nu amar ga-nu
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Babylonian (ca. 1900-1600 BC)) — UM 55-21-411. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (P228939) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from CDLI raw catalogue, no published translation. P-number P228939..
Related tablets
Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.