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~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
WF 149
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 149. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy
~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
WF 151*
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 151*. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy
~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
WF 152
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 152. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy
~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
WF 153
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 153. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
CT 50, 009
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — CT 50, 009. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
Kress 213
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — Kress 213. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
NTSŠ 0258
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — NTSŠ 0258. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
OIM A33679
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — OIM A33679. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Writing & LiteratureDaily Life~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
SF 055
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — SF 055. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Religion & MythDaily Life~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
SF 060
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — SF 060. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Religion & MythDaily Life~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
TSŠ 0271
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — TSŠ 0271. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Religion & MythDaily Life~2550 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
WF 076
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 076. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Economy
~2450 BCE·Early DynasticEditorial
Stele of the Vultures
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.
LawWriting & Literature~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
A-KALAM-du 1 / CDLI Seals 001440 (CDLI Seals 001440 (physical))
(1) Aya-kalam-dug, king of Urim: Aya-šusikil-Ana is his spouse.
Economy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
E-anatum 22add
(i 1) E-ana-tum, child of Aya-kurgal, ruler of Lagaš, bought a garden with an area of 1 bur and 2 iku from the brother of Amar-egala, the travelling merchant. He paid 2 mana silver for him. The gift was 1 pot of beer.
LawEconomy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
En-metena 29
(1) (Weight stone of 1) mana for (measuring) wool rations, (certified by) Dudu, the temple administrator.
Economy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
En-metena 34add
(1) (Weight stone of) 1 mana for, (certified by) Dudu, the temple administrator of Urub.
Economy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
En-metena 35add (A. Khwshnaw -- G. Zólyomi, Hungarian Assyriological Review 1 (2020), 23–37)
(i 1) By his firm command, Enlil, the king of all lands, the father of all gods .... ... (Uš) removed the stela and repositioned it towards the plain of Lagaš. (i 22) By (Enlil’s) just command, Ninĝirsu, Enlil’s warrior, did battle with Umma. By Enlil’s command, he cast on it the great battle-net, and heaped up a burial mound for it on the plain. (ii 1') The leader of Umma took ... as interest bearing loan. It yielded interest and accummulated to 144,000 guru. As this (amount) of barley could not be repaid, Ur-Luma, ruler of Umma, washed away Ninĝirsu’s and Nanše’s boundary dyke. He set fire…
Law~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
En-metena 36add (D. Nadali -- L. Verderame, Iraq 2021)
(i 1) The personal god of En-metena, ruler of Lagaš, child of En-ana-tum, ruler of Lagaš, the builder of Nanše’s lofty temple terrace, is Šul-MUŠxPA.
Law~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
Lugal-Anda 1 / CDLI Seals 003372 (CDLI Seals 003372 (composite))
(1) Lugal-Anda-nuhuŋa, ruler of Lagaš.
Economy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
Lugal-Anda 3 / CDLI Seals 002042 (CDLI Seals 002042 (composite))
(1) Barag-namtara, spouse of Lugal-Anda, ruler of Lagaš.
Economy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
Mes-Ane-pada 2 / CDLI Seals 006519 (CDLI Seals 006519 (composite))
(1) Meš-Ane-pada, king of Kiš, spouse of the nugig priestess.
Economy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
Mes-Ane-pada 3 / CDLI Seals 001442 (CDLI Seals 001442 (physical))
(1) Nintur, the queen, the spouse of Meš-Ane-pada.
Economy~2450 BCE·Early DynasticETCSRI
Puzur-Mama 2001 / CDLI Seals 001425 (CDLI Seals 001425 (physical))
(1) Šarru-ilī, child of Puzur-Mama, the governor.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
AAICAB 1/1, pl. 008, 1928-439
Obverse (column i, ruled cases; beginnings of lines lost) [... ] iku(?) of field [... ] iku(?) of field [... ] iku(?) of field [... ] iku(?) of field [... ] iku(?) of field [... ] iku(?) of field 1/3 (shekel) of silver [ ... ] 10 shekels(?) of silver [ ... ] 1(?) shekel of silver [ ... ] 1/2 shekel of silver [ ... ] 1 [ ... ] (The remainder of the tablet is broken away; the reverse is uninscribed or wholly effaced.)
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
Anonymous 270812
1 (unit): Ab-ba 2 (units): E-kur-nin 2 (units): […]-nin 1 (unit): Ur-ganun 1 (unit): Ab-zu-zu 2 (units): Ur-nagar 1 (unit): U₂-U₂-a 2 (units): Pa₄-pa₄ 12 gur of barley. Per day, 1 shekel measured out. 5 ban₂: U₂-U₂-a 4 ban₂: Lugal-ḫe₂
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 007
9 (lit. 10 minus 1) men: the Esar (temple); 4: Ašgi; 4: the Esahar (temple); 2: Inanna; 3: Enki; 4: the Edam; 1: Dara-U-Enlil-gar; 1: [...]-esi; 1: An-ne; 8: the small shrines; the house of Utu. (reverse) 17 days (lit. 20 minus 3). The chariot field (GAN₂ gigir₂).
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 010
5 shekels of refined silver; 1 talent of white silver(?); 1 talent of kur-PA; 1 talent of ... DIB(?) kur ...; 1 talent of PA TAR-TAR(?), of pure metal; 1 SIG₇(?) of silver; 1 UD-eme; 1 mina of goat wool, AG; 1/3 of nu-gu (flax?). Geme-ur-ganun(?) has taken (them) away.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 012
[17] gur of barley, by the large (gur-saggal) measure — Ur-si; 2 barig — Šu-aš; 2 barig — E-mahda; 1 barig 2 ban2 — U-U; 1 barig 3 ban2 — Ištup-il; 1 gur — Nin-tur-tur; 1 gur — the gudu-priest of E-mud; 1 gur — Du-du; 1 gur — Bara-ara-nu. (reverse) Total: 24 gur 5 ban2 of barley, by the large (gur-saggal) measure. [x] — Lu-mah; [n] 5 — Nam-lugal-ni-du.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 016
5 gur (by the large gur-standard) of barley — Ur-en-sig-nuna(?); 2 (gur), ma-mud; [...]-sag, barley; 5 (gur) of barley, Me-mea; 15 gur, E-geština-su; 2 (gur), Nin-mu-gin-amah; 2 (gur), 2 (gur), Ili-li; [...]-HAR; [...]-...; nu-SAHAR-a; Ma-ma-kiši-gal.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 027
3 gur of barley, repaid (še su-ga): E-gi, son of Ama-NU+NU. 1 gur 1 barig: Amar-giri, the builder. 1 gur of prime barley: Amar-kua-ra, the shepherd. 1 gur 2 barig: Lugal-nigzu. 1 gur 2 barig: Lugal-damda.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 029
Lugal-nigzu (and) Ur-ni-beda removed the peg in the field; as for the donkey that he had released to him, "I will make replacement," he said to him. Before Ur-su, the herdsman of donkeys. The house ... [...] ... a2 ba KU a (unclear) The case is concluded. For the governor of Nippur. ... [...] is present.
LawEconomy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 030
25 aktum-garments; 17 (20 minus 3) NI-textiles; 8 níg-bar-ba; 3 níg-lá gaba (breast-bands / sashes); New tablet: 38 (40 minus 2) remaining (egir).
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 038
Obverse 15 gur of barley, the purchase price of 1 sar of house-plot. Nin-pada, wife of Lugal-ša, im-ta-KID(?), received (it). Reverse 1 shekel of silver, 1 gur of barley — [for] KUM-tuš, son of Lugal-[ša], he received. The purchase price [of ......] (the remainder of the reverse is destroyed)
EconomyLaw
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 040
7 cows, mother(-animals); 2 cows, 3 years old; 1 ox, 2 years old; 1 calf, female, (still) suckling; 1 calf, male, (still) suckling. Its total: 12 (head). Ur-li-kam; U'uma; An-si; Ma-za-uma.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 043
5 gur 2 barig of barley. 1 bar-dul₅ garment: it is (worth) 2/3 mina of silver. 1 aktum garment: it is (worth) 2/3 mina of silver. 1 niglam garment: it is (worth) half a shekel. 1 niglam garment: it is (worth) one-third (of a shekel). 1 gur 2 barig of barley: it is (worth) 2 shekels of silver. It is of the year that is not (recorded). 1 shekel of silver. […] 1 nanny-goat. [n] of silver, 2/3 mina. Brought (from/by way of) the canal […]. […] … brought for An (or: tin brought). 1 (item): into his hand — a … garment, gum(?), taken over.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 044
10 gur of barley: the sealed storehouse of Šu-i. 2 (gur) 2 barig: Igi-si. 2 (gur) 2 barig: Uš, son of Zage. 3 (gur): the sealed storehouse of Šu-i. 2 barig: Ur-gu, son of Lugal-ennu. (All this) is held with Inim-zida. It is barley of the principal (sag); it is that of Ur-ni. (reverse) 4 gur 2 barig of barley: Aba-Enlil, son of Amar-abzu, has received.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 054
4 iku of field — its barley: 12 (gur) 2 barig: (for) E-ki, the chief merchant. 2 1/2 iku of field — 10 less 2 barig of barley: the man of the temple administrator; Lugal-ezem is the overseer. 1 eše 2 iku of field — 40 less 2 (gur) 2 barig of barley: Ama-bara-si (and) Lugal-ildu, the surveyors. 3 iku of field — 12 (gur) 2 barig of barley: E-lu, the surveyor. 3 1/4 iku of field — 15 (gur) 2 barig of barley: Munus-tur, the wife of the surveyor. 1 1/2 iku of field — 5 (gur) of barley: Ur-TAG, the potter.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 065
2¼ iku of field — eš-ba(?); Ama-bara-abzu. 3 iku less ¼ iku; 3½ iku; 3¼ iku — Si-du. 1 eše 4 iku — Ur-namnun. 1 eše 1½ iku — Ur-tulbaza, the lamentation-priest (gala). 2 eše 4 iku — Lugal-a-REC107. 1 eše 2½ iku(?), LIŠ-uš — Magur(?), the overseer(?). 2½ iku, LIŠ-uš; 1½ iku barley; 4 (units) — total: 4½ iku, uš — Enlila, the rope-twiner (gu-sur). 5 iku less ¼ iku; 3 (units) barley; 2 (units) LIŠ-uš — Amar-gula, the shepherd.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 081
420 ninda — old (measure); 300 (ninda) — width; 420 less 2 cubits — the base; 360 less 2 cubits, 1 half-cubit and ½; 301 |GIŠ.BAD| — the foreman, the overseer (nu-banda); 300, 2 cubits — En-tar; 121 ninda — KID; 180 less 1 |GIŠ.BAD| — Abba; [...] ... — Gu-na; 60, 2 cubits — Puni-du; 120, [BAD] cubits — E'a: not filled; 120 BAD — Ekur(?): not filled; 241 — account of Ur-KUŠ₂; 121 — account of Huni-x; (reverse) 6 less 1 — account of NI-a.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 083
54 bundles of grass (fodder): En-akale; 35: Kar-du; 40: Ur-ni; 42: En-tar-si; 36: the foreman of the overseer (nu-banda); 32 1/2: the foreman. (Reverse uninscribed.)
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 087
286 (units of) copper — ḫabuda(-implements); 110 (2 gešʾu minus 10) minas of copper; [x] minas, [x] ... from [x] ... […] (line lost) brought out from the ore(-earth); 251 minas of copper — the weaver('s share?), brought out from the palace; the weaver, the overseer of the smiths — given.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 115
1 šar (= 60 bur) 4 bur 2 iku — orchard(s), large (ones); 5 bur — small orchard(s); 1 bur 3 iku — the outer (bar) portion of the field, of the city Ki-anna; 5 bur — orchard(s): the potter Ur-EN-[...], An-na-E[...]; 4 iku — the outer (bar) portion of an orchard, ... A-zu-zu [...]. It is (the account) of the year. (Reverse: uninscribed / surface eroded, no legible signs.)
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
BIN 08, 173
Obverse […] 4 shekels of silver; 12 lidga (and) 1 barig of barley; 41 sila of pig fat; 2 gur 1 barig of dates; 1 grass-fed pig — this is the purchase price of Nin-gissu-nani. Ur-lugal, the donkey herdsman, gave it to him. Reverse At the wall(?) of the gate of the palace he set its case straight (i.e. rendered the verdict). Du-du, … [ … ] DA AN [ … ] TI [ … ], the witnesses ("men of the word"), they confirm[ed it]. The … [ … ] … AN … (broken).
LawEconomy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
CBS 07280
(obverse) [n] ... [...] 2 (measures): Maš-da(5), the attendant(?) [...] 1 (measure) 2 barig: Sag-...-[...] 2 (measures): Ur-Abu 2 barig: Lugal-šeš 2 barig: Enlil-[...] [n]: Nesag(?) [...] (reverse: uninscribed / not preserved)
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
CBS 08117
1 bardul-garment, of fine (thin) weave, of/for the women(?); Igi-Enlil-še, the chief household administrator (šabra), the porter (ug₃-íl): he paid (it) out to him. Month: "Bricks-placed-in-the-brick-mould" (month III, Nippur calendar), day 7 having elapsed.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
CDLI Lexical 000003, ex. 011
šuš (written |ŠE.NAM₂|) pa-nam₂-šita shrine-išib (purification priest of the shrine) gal-|BAD×DIŠ| (chief …-official) en-IB gal-šita (chief of the šita-office) abgal (sage) kingal (overseer / leader of the assembly) tiru (court attendant) […] sukkal (vizier) […] … stone … ti … |KA×X| … na […] (The remainder of the column, and the reverse, are broken away or effaced.)
Writing & LiteratureDaily Life
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
CST 001
33 mother-ewes; 29 (lit. 30 less 1) rams; 8 female lambs, nim-lambs; 5 male lambs, nim-lambs; 4 female lambs, e-li-lambs; 3 male lambs, e-li-lambs. Total: 82 ewes together with their lambs. The sheep are the private property of Enda-nirgal. Šubur, the overseer, in the House of the Street plucked (them). With Lugal-ikuš they were kept. (Year) 1.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
CST 022
15 gur of barley — Ama-tuku-gal-zu; 1 (gur) 2 barig — Nin-urni; 15 (measures of) lard, UMBIN; 1½ shekels of silver; 2 nig-lam garments; 1 sheep, its silver [...]; 2 pigs for eating; 2 bar-dul garments; 1 dul(?) cloth; 43(?) shekels of silver; goods of [...]; Mu-bi-ki-gal-la[...]; a claim exists against it; 1 mina of silver; its tablet has been handed over.
Economy
~2400 BCE·Early DynasticOur engine
CUSAS 35, 030
1 eše₃ (of) field — Ma-NI-NI; 1 eše₃ — SIG-mu; 1 eše₃ — Ur-gu, the animal-fattener(?); 1 eše₃ — Ur-peš-tur; 1 eše₃ — Šu-Mama; 1 iku — PA-[…]-bala; Ur-tu; A-ga(?)-le. (Reverse: uninscribed; the modern museum number Ms. 1052/40 is written on it in ink. Right side of the obverse broken away; a large chip is lost at the right edge.)
Economy