Sumerian·Book

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~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Disk of Enheduanna

The literary tradition is no longer anonymous from this point. Authorship — the idea that a specific human voice composes a specific work — enters the historical record with her.

MythologyWriting & Literature
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten. Yapahu requests help against Hapiru (Biblical Hebrews), a roving band of stateless people, ba

Daily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Clay tablet. The Akkadian cuneiform inscription mentions the jewelry names in honor of the city of Babylon. From Babylon, Iraq. C. 600 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. The Akkadian cuneiform inscription mentions the jewelry names in honor of the city of Babylon. From Babylon, Iraq. Neo-Babylonian period, c. 600 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.

Writing & Literature
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 1

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically referring to numbers of bricks carried by

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 2

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically referring to numbers of bricks carried by

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform tablet- account text concerning bitumen, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 134

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform tablet- Akkadian synonym list, Malku=sharru, tablet 3 MET ME86 11 371

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Seleucid; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed

Writing & Literature
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Cuneiform tablet- house sale contract, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 204

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed

EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Old Babylonian baked clay cylinder. The Akkadian cuneiform inscription mentions a capacity table. 18th-16th century BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Old Babylonian baked clay cylinder. The Akkadian cuneiform inscription mentions a capacity table. 18th-16th century BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.

Writing & Literature
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

PATESI Ensi on the tablet of Lugalannatum

Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: PATESI (Sumerian reading) Ensi (Akkadian reading) on the tablet of Lugalannatum

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/1, pl. 005, 1928-425

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/1, pl. 005, 1928-425. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/1, pl. 005, 1928-426

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/1, pl. 005, 1928-426. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/1, pl. 009, 1931-144b

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/1, pl. 009, 1931-144b. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 084, 1933-1126a

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 084, 1933-1126a. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 084, 1933-1126c

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 084, 1933-1126c. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 084, 1933-1127

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 084, 1933-1127. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 121, 1969-586

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 121, 1969-586. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 121, 1969-587

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 121, 1969-587. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 128, 1971-294

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 128, 1971-294. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 140, 1971-349

20 (shekels of) barley, the head-ration, for the lamentation-singer (and) the master carpenter; 20 (shekels for) Ur-e'a the leather-worker; 20 (shekels for) Inim-Utu; 20 (shekels for) En-anne'e, the junior [official]; (broken) lamentation-singer, junior [official]; 20 (shekels for) Ad-kup-gal, the man of the irrigation(-ditch workers); their overseer (is) the farmer.

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 150, 1971-382

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 150, 1971-382. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 171, 1937-650

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 171, 1937-650. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/2, pl. 171, 1937-651

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/2, pl. 171, 1937-651. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/3, pl. 183, Bod A 21

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC) ?) — AAICAB 1/3, pl. 183, Bod A 21. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/3, pl. 193, Bod. A 43

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/3, pl. 193, Bod. A 43. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/3, pl. 245, Bod S 295

2 barig of bappir (beer-bread) of Akkadian (type) 2 barig of groats 2 barig of malt 2 barig of flour 2 ban of fine flour (responsible official:) Mama-ḫursag Total: 1 gur 3 barig 2 ban of flour, Akkadian (type) 2 ban of fine flour 3rd year, 7th month

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 340

1 barig 3 ban of fine flour, (from/for) Agade; 1 gur 1 barig of chickpea flour; 3 gur of semolina; 2 gur [2 ban?] of malt flour; 2 ban … … [broken] … [broken lines] … [broken] … [1 barig?] … … 2 years, 2 months.

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 378

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 378. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 566

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 566. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAS 009

2 jugs (of) 5-ban capacity: beer 2 jugs (of) 3-ban capacity: beer ne-sag surplus Total: 2 barig 4 ban — its barley equivalent 6 years, 8 months

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAS 011

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAS 011. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAS 012

2 sheep chosen by heart, 1 lamb, (for the) edge/side of UD-ḪUB₂, 1 lamb (for) Dumuzi, 1 lamb (for) Lugal-pa-e₃, 1 sheep (for the) cook, 5 lambs (for) Abzu, [1]1 sheep — (animal) returned/replaced, Total: 14 sheep, 9 lambs, Expended (issued/disbursed).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAS 202

x x [...] 1 [...] kal?-la? 1 Me-pa?-x 1 Ur-[...] 1 Lugal-maškim [1] Lu-[...] [1] Lu-[...] [...] Pa-geš-[...] their account has been made 7 (persons), 5 months

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAS 203

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAS 203. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

AAS 204

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — AAS 204. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0624

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0624. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0632

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0632. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0636

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0636. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0639

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0639. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0640

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0640. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0646

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0646. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0650

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0650. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0652

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0652. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0658

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0658. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0660

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0660. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0661

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0661. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0663

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0663. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0666

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0666. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial

Adab 0667

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Old Akkadian (ca. 2340-2200 BC)) — Adab 0667. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Writing & Literature