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Sumerian · Book

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Sumerian · Book

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Every tablet in the corpus — sortable by date, title or period; filterable by theme and period. Find a name, follow a period, or explore a subject through the records it left behind.

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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Editorial Sumerian literature Sumerian royal Assyrian royal Assyrian archives

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~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianOur engine

Adad-nerari II 7

Attests the royal titulary of Adad-nārārī II — 'king of the world, king of Assyria' — and anchors his lineage through Aššur-dān II to Tiglath-pileser II, fixing the dynastic continuity of the early Neo-Assyrian restoration.

Writing & Literature

~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Adad-nerari II 8

Standard titulary of Adad-nārārī II anchoring his legitimacy through two generations of royal descent, attesting the formulaic language by which Assyrian kings asserted dynastic continuity around 900 BCE.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Adad-nerari II 1

(1) Adad-nārārī (II), great king, strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, king of all the four quarters (of the world), the one selected by (the god) Aššur, attentive ruler, the one who acts with the support of the gods Aššur and Ninurta, the great gods, his lords, and (thereby) has struck down his foes; (5) son of Aššur-dān (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Tiglath-pileser (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-rēša-iši (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria. (8) In my accession year (and) in my first regnal year, when I sat on…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Adad-nerari II 1002

(1) [Image of Adad-nārārī (II)], strong [king], king of the world, [king of] Assyria, son of Aššur-d[ān (II), king of the world, king of] Assyria, son of Ti[glath-piles]er (II), (who was) also [king of the universe (and) king of] Assyria.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Adad-nerari II 2

(1) [The god Aššur, ...; the god Enlil, ...]; the god [Sîn, king of the lunar disk], lord of brilliance; [the god Šamaš, judge of] heaven and netherworld, commander of all; the god Marduk, sage of the gods, lord of oracles; the god Nin[urta, warrior of] the Igīgū and Anunnakū gods; the god Nergal, perfect one, king of battle; the god Nusku, bearer of the holy scepter, circumspect god; the goddess Mullissu, spouse of the god Enlil, mother of the great gods; (and) the goddess Ištar, foremost in heaven and netherworld, who is consummate in the canons of combat; (5) the great gods who take firm…

Religion & Myth

~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Adad-nerari II 3

(r 1') (No translation possible.) (r 11'b) [... and deposited] my [commemorative inscrip]tions. (r 12'b) [May a future ruler restore it (and) return my inscribed name t]o its place. [(The god) Aššur, the great lord, will (then) listen to his prayers]. (r 13'b) [(As for) the one who removes] my [insc]riptions [and my name, may (the god) Aššur overthrow his kingship (and)] make [his name (and) his seed] disappear [from the land]. (r 15') (Date missing)

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Adad-nerari II 4

(1') [I am enormously radiant, I am a hero], I am a warrior, [I am a virile] lion, [I am foremost, I am exalted, (and) I am raging]. (2') Adad-nārārī (II), strong king, king of [Assyria, king of the four quarters (of the world), the one who defeats his enemies, am I]. The king capable in battle, overwhelmer [of cities, (and) the one who scorches the mountains of (foreign) lands, am I]. The virile warrior, [the one who controls those opposed to him, (and the one) who is inflamed against the evil] and the wicked, am I. I scorch] like the god Gīra, [I overwhelm like the deluge, ...], (and) I…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~900 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Adad-nerari II 6

(1) [(Palace of) Adad-nār]ārī (II), strong king, king of the wor[ld, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-d]ān (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, [son of Tiglath]-pileser (II), (who was) also king of the wor[ld (and) king of Assyria: ...] ... [...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 07

Preserves Tukulti-Ninurta II's own account of a building project — specifying brick-course increments — adding measurable detail to the archaeological record of Assyrian royal construction between Adad-nārārī II and Aššurnasirpal II.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 1002

Fragmentary royal inscription of Tukulti-Ninurta II attesting Assyrian claims over Sūḫu and Dūr-Kurigalzu, tracing the mid-Euphrates frontier his son Aššurnaṣirpal II would later consolidate.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 13

Royal titulary of Tukulti-Ninurta II naming three generations of Assyrian kings, anchoring the dynastic continuity claims that legitimised early Neo-Assyrian imperial expansion before Ashurnasirpal II.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 15

Preserves Tukulti-Ninurta II's three-generation royal genealogy, anchoring his legitimacy to Adad-nārārī II and Aššur-dān II within the standard titulary of early Neo-Assyrian kingship.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 02

(1) [(The god) Aššur, king of al]l the [great] gods; [the god Anu, king of] the Igīgū and Anun[nakū gods; lord of the lands, the god Enlil, exalted one], father of the god[s; the god Ea, king of the a]psû, the one who decre[es destinies; the god Sîn, king of the lunar d]isk, lord of [brilliance; the god Adad, the] exceptionally [stron]g, lord of [abundance; the god Šamaš, ju]dge of heaven and netherworld, [commander of all; the god Marduk], sage of the gods (and) [lord of omens; the god Ninurta], warrior of the Igīgū and Anun[nakū gods; god] Nergal, perfect one, [king of battle]; the god…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 03

(1) [(the god) Aššur, king of all the great gods; god Anu, king of the Igīgū and Anunnakū gods]; lord of the lands; the god Enlil, exalted one, [father of the gods; the god Ea, king of the apsû, who decrees destinies; the god Sîn, king of the lunar disk, lord of brilliance]; the god Adad, the exceptionally strong, lo[rd of abundance; the god Šamaš, judge of heaven and netherworld, commander of all; the god Marduk, sage of the gods (and) lord of omens]; the god Ninurta, warrior of the Igīgū and [Anunnakū gods; the god Nergal, perfect one, king of battle; the god Nusku, bearer of the holy…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 04

(1') [the god Marduk], sage of [the gods (and) lord of omens; the god Nin]urta, warrior of the Igīgū and Anun[nakū gods; the god Nerga]l, perfect one, [king of battle; the god Nus]ku, bearer of the holy scepter, [circumspect god; the goddess Mill]issu, spouse of the god Enlil, mother of the [great] god[s; (and) the goddess Ištar], foremost in heaven and netherworld, [who is consummate] in the canon[s of combat]. (7') the great [gods], who take firm decisions, [who decree destinies, who ...] ... attent[ive] ruler, [...; (the gods) who] faithful[ly noticed me in] my mother’s womb (and) [altered]…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 05

(1) I [entered] the mountains of the Naʾiri lands. I crossed Mount Sueia. I changed [direction] (and), on my return march, from the Naʾiri lands [I burned] fire [(...)] the city Ki[...]. I [uprooted] his sons, his daughters, his wives, the property of his palace, (and) his horses [and brought them to my city, Aššur]. (4) With the support of (the god) Aššur, my lord, I overwhelmed the lands, all of them, with my fear. Bi[..., ...].... of Ammi-Ba[ʾal], wrote to me: “With regard to Bialasi, I have sent my forces against him. [They pursued him and] he went from the city Udu to the city…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 06

(1) [Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king of the world, king of Assyria], son of Adad-nārārī (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-dān (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria; [...] to its full extent. The king who [...] (the territory stretching) from the opposite bank of the Tigris River to the land Ḫatti, [...] the Naʾiri lands to their (text: “its”) full extent, the land Sūḫu, including [the city Rapiqu, [(...); he] captured [... from the passes of] the land Ḫabruri to the land Gilzānu, Apâ, king of the city Ḫubuškia, [... H]e conquered (the territory…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 09

(1) Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-dān (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria: stone slab belonging to the city Kaḫat.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 10

(1) Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), [king of the world, king of Assyria], son of Adad-nārārī (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-dān (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria: two-thirds mina of a … of a stone ...

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 1001

(1) Palace of [...], son of Aššur-[dān (II), …] al[l …] to [...] as far as the land [...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 1003

(1) (1 - 3) Palace of [...] king of the world, king of [...], son of Adad-nār[ārī (II), ...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 11

(1) Necklace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), king of Assyria.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 12

(1) [ Palace of Tukultī]-Ninurta (II), great king, [strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II)], great king, [strong king, king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-dān (II), (who was) also] great king, [strong king, king of the world (and) king of Assyria].

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 14

(1) Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), king of Assyria: I/he restored the dilapidated section(s) of the tower(s) of the gate of the god Enpi.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 16

(1) Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nārārī (II), king of the world, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-dān (II), (who was) also king of the world (and) king of Assyria.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~885 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Tukulti-Ninurta II 17

(1) Palace of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), king [of ..., son of Adad]-nārārī (II), king of [Assyria, ...]

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~883 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 018

(1') [In my accession year (and) in my first regnal year, after] I sat on [the throne of my royal majesty] in a grandiose manner, I mus[tered (my) chariot]ry (and) [extensiv]e troops. I [co]nquered inaccessible fortresses round about. I rec[eived] a tribute of horses from the land Gilzānu. ... [Because] horses were not (continually) brought in hither to me I [became angry and] marched to the cities Ḫarira (and) Ḫalḫalauš, which (were under the authority) of the guilty rulers. Those I conquered in the eponymy of Ashurnasirpal (II) (882) . I took out their property, booty, possessions, (and)…

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianOur engine

Ashurnasirpal II 060

One of the surviving royal inscriptions of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BCE), preserved in the RIAo corpus as a witness to the formulaic and historical record of early Neo-Assyrian kingship.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianOur engine

Ashurnasirpal II 061

One of the surviving royal inscriptions of Ashurnasirpal II, whose annals collectively document the territorial expansion and brutal suppression campaigns that defined early Neo-Assyrian imperial statecraft.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 002

Preserves Ashurnasirpal II's titulary in full — the layered chain of divine election, genealogy, and universal kingship that legitimised Neo-Assyrian imperial ideology in the 9th century BCE.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 023

One of the standard titulary inscriptions of Ashurnasirpal II, tracing his legitimacy through three generations of Assyrian kings and anchoring royal authority in a chain of divine election by Aššur, Enlil, Ninurta, Anu, and Dagān.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 033

Claims Assyrian dominion from Carchemish through the Euphrates lands of Lāqê, Sūḫu, and Rapiqu — pinning the westward reach of Ashurnasirpal II's campaigns to specific named territories in the mid-ninth century BCE.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 047

Opens with the full Assyrian divine council — Aššur, Enlil, Ea, Adad, Šamaš — granting Ashurnasirpal II his kingship, illustrating how 9th-century Assyrian royal ideology fused theology with conquest legitimacy.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 048

Attests Ashurnasirpal II's invocation of the storm-god Adad as divine enforcer of a royal decree, linking Neo-Assyrian kingship ideology to divine sanction for legal or cultic obligations.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 055

Dedicates conquered wealth to the god Ninurta, linking Ashurnasirpal II's western campaigns to the theological claim that Assyrian expansion fulfilled divine will — a cornerstone of Neo-Assyrian royal ideology.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 056

Preserves the full titulary of Ashurnasirpal II — sun-king, world-trampler, chosen of Enlil and Ninurta — encoding the theological and imperial ideology that legitimised Neo-Assyrian expansion in the 9th century BCE.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 057

Records Ashurnasirpal II's restoration of the Emašmaš temple at Nineveh, situating him within a chain of vice-regents stretching back to Šamšī-Adad and linking royal piety to political legitimacy.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 062

One of the corpus of Ashurnasirpal II's royal inscriptions preserved in the RIAo/ORACC edition, attesting the formulaic self-presentation of a 9th-century Assyrian king.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 063

One of the surviving royal inscriptions of Ashurnasirpal II, preserved in the RIAo corpus as a witness to the formulaic self-presentation of 9th-century Assyrian kingship.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 064

One of the surviving royal inscriptions of Ashurnasirpal II, the corpus of which collectively documents the territorial expansion and ideological self-presentation of the early Neo-Assyrian Empire.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 066

Attests Ashurnasirpal II's full titulary and three-generation dynastic genealogy back to Adad-nārārī II, anchoring the ideological framework by which Sargonid kings legitimized conquest through divine appointment and hereditary authority.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 099

Dedicates an offering to Šarrat-Kidmuri, a goddess attested almost exclusively in Assyrian royal contexts, confirming her role in Ashurnasirpal II's dynastic piety alongside the better-known cult of Aššur.

Religion & Myth·Writing & Literature

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 100

Dedicatory inscription to Ea records Ashurnasirpal II consecrating a stone object for divine protection of his reign, throne, and lineage — a concrete illustration of how Neo-Assyrian kings negotiated power through temple patronage.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 1001

One of the surviving manuscript witnesses to an Ashurnasirpal II inscription that names Tukulti-Ninurta II, anchoring the commemorative text within the tradition of Assyrian royal self-presentation at Kalḫu.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 1003

One of the composite manuscript witnesses preserving Ashurnasirpal II's building activity, attesting the ritual language Assyrian kings used to legitimize monumental construction through divine sanction.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 109

Labels temple property as belonging to the Bīt-Kidmuri at Kalḫu, anchoring the institutional landholdings of Ashurnasirpal II's newly built capital to his dynastic lineage across three generations.

Writing & Literature

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 111

Attests Ashurnasirpal II's construction of Ištar's Nineveh temple, anchoring his reign within a three-generation dynastic lineage while documenting royal patronage of the city's chief cult.

Religion & Myth·Writing & Literature

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 112

Dedicatory inscription claiming temple property for Ištar of Nineveh, linking Ashurnasirpal II's legitimacy through three generations of royal titulature to both Enlil and Aššur.

Writing & Literature·Religion & Myth

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 113

Three-generation royal genealogy anchoring Ashurnasirpal II to Tukultī-Ninurta II and Adad-nārārī II, each styled vice-regent of Aššur — the titulary formula that legitimised Neo-Assyrian kingship as divinely delegated office.

Writing & Literature

~875 BCE·Neo-AssyrianRIAo

Ashurnasirpal II 115

Standard titulary of Ashurnasirpal II anchors his three-generation dynastic claim — Adad-nārārī II, Tukultī-Ninurta II, himself — in stone, a formulaic assertion of legitimacy typical of 9th-century Assyrian royal self-presentation.

Writing & Literature

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