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Stele of the Vultures
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.
LawWriting & LiteratureA-Ane-pada 1
(1) Aya-Ane-pada, king of Urim.
LawA-Ane-pada 2
(1) For ..., Aya-Ane-pada, king of Urim, ....
LawA-Ane-pada 3
(1) For Ninhursaĝa: Aya-Ane-pada, king of Urim, child of Meš-Ane-pada, king of Urim, built a temple for Ninhursaĝa.
LawA-Ane-pada 4
(1') ... when he built ..., he šarried a holy šhariot to .... Inim-zid and Nanna-ursag dedišated this (bowl) for the well-being of Aya-Ane-pada.
LawA-Ane-pada 6
(1) To Ninazu, Luduga dedicated this for the well-being of Aya-Ane-pada.
LawA-Ane-pada 7add
(i 1) The dwelling AB.IGI.BUR, the sanctuary, the mountain of snakes, where? Inana ..., the Abzu (whose) god no crown (i.e., ruler) would disobey, its owner, the god of Aya-ane-pada, Enki, the father who created him, made his (= Aya-ane-pada’s) lordship apparent. (ii 1) He (= Aya-ane-pada) (then) established the AB.IGI.BUR for him (= Enki), called its name for him, and fashioned his crown for him.
LawA-KALAM-du 1 / CDLI Seals 001440 (CDLI Seals 001440 (physical))
(1) Aya-kalam-dug, king of Urim: Aya-šusikil-Ana is his spouse.
LawA-kurgal 1
(1) For Ninĝirsu, Aya-kurgal, ruler of Lagaš. child of Ur-Nanše, king of Lagaš, built the Antasura.
LawA-kurgal 3
(1) Aya-kurgal, ruler of Lagaš.
LawAbzu-kidu 1
(1) To Inana, A-kalam, spouse of Abzu-kidug, ruler of Nibru, dedicated this (bowl).
Law
Abzu-kidu 2
Dedicatory bowl inscription naming Abzu-kidug and her spouse: one of the sparse Early Dynastic records attesting elite women by name in Sumerian royal dedicatory practice, c. 2450 BCE.
Law
An(u)bu 3
Dedicatory inscription naming Nin-meta-bare, child of Anbu, as donor to the deity Asum — a rare personal-name attestation anchoring prosopography at an Early Dynastic Sumerian cult site c. 2450 BCE.
LawAnam 1
(1) For Inana, the great lady of the E-ana, his lady, Anam, the true shepherd of Unug, the favourite of An and Inana, the beloved child of Inana, built the outer courtyard of the en-priest’s E-ĝipar, the dwelling that fills her heart with joy.
LawAnam 3
(1) For An, the king of the gods, his master, for Inana, the great lady of the E-ana, his lady, when he renovated and restored their old temple, Anam, the true shepherd of Unug, the beloved child of Inana, installed a door anointed with oil.
LawAnonymous 06 (FAOS 05/2, Anonym 06) (FAOS 05/2, Anonym 06)
(1) To Ninšubur of Bad, Enzid, the shepherd, and Amar-kikug, child of Enzid, dedicated this (statuette).
LawAnonymous 10 (FAOS 05/2, Anonym 10) (FAOS 05/2, Anonym 10)
(1) To Lugal-ega, Ursaĝ-Utu, child of Lugal-pada, the gusur, fashioned this (statuette).
LawAnonymous Adab 07 (FAOS 05/2, AnAdab 07)
(1) E-kiri, Ama-ana-ak, spouse of Inim-Utu-zid.
LawAnonymous Ešnuna 1 (FAOS 05/2, AnEshn 01)
(1') To ..., ... dedicated this (object) for his own well-being and for the well-being of his spouse and children.
LawAnonymous Ešnuna 2 (FAOS 05/2, AnEshn 02)
(1) To Abu, Lugal-kisale-si, child of Ardu, dedicated this (vessel).
LawAnonymous Khafaje 11 (FAOS 05/2, AnHaf 11)
(1) Ur-Ninkilima, the overseer.
LawAnonymous Lagaš 01 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 01)
(1') ..., he displayed his booty for Bau.
LawAnonymous Lagaš 02 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 02)
(1) For Bau, the kind woman, Luma-mešni, scribe of the granary supervisor, ... for his well-being.
LawAnonymous Lagaš 04 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 04)
(1') ... dedišated this (vessel) for ... to Ninĝirsu.
LawAnonymous Lagaš 05 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 05)
(1') ..., ruler of Lagaš, ....
LawAnonymous Lagaš 06 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 06)
(1') ... Lugal-mudakuš fashioned ... for Lugal-Uruba. ....
LawAnonymous Lagaš 07 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 07)
(1) To Ninĝirsu, Dudu, the scribe, and Aya-anzud dedicated this (statue).
LawAnonymous Lagaš 13 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 13)
(1) To Ninĝirsu of the Bagara, Udbikura, the envoy, dedicated this (bowl).
LawAnonymous Lagaš 14 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 14)
(1) To Ninĝirsu of the Bagara, ... dedicated this (bowl).
LawAnonymous Lagaš 15 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 15)
(1) To Ninĝirsu of the Bagara, ... the stone-cutter, child of Ama-abzu-si, the stone-cutter, dedicated this (mace).
LawAnonymous Lagaš 16 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 16)
(1) To Ninĝirsu of the Bagara, ....
LawAnonymous Lagaš 17 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 17)
(1) To Inana of the Ebgal, ....
LawAnonymous Lagaš 19 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 19)
(i 1) ... king of Lagaš .... ... gold ....
LawAnonymous Lagaš 20 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 20)
(1) Lugal-uma, child of ..., ....
LawAnonymous Lagaš 25 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 25)
(i 1') ... Enki .... .... Nanše ....
LawAnonymous Lagaš 26 (FAOS 05/1, AnLag 26)
(i 1') ..., whose name was proclaimed by Enlil, chosen by Nanše in the heart, who makes the foreign lands submit to Ninĝirsu, ..., (when Ninĝirsu) placed all lands in his hand, and placed the rebellious lands at his feet, ....
Law
Anonymous Lagaš 31add
Dedicatory inscription naming the goddess Lama as owner of a votive bowl: early evidence of object consecration practice in Early Dynastic Lagaš.
LawAnonymous Nippur 01 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 01)
(1) For Inana of Eden, Ur-Enlil, the chief merchant, dedicated this (plaque).
Law
Anonymous Nippur 02 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 02)
A votive dedication from Nippur naming a royal spouse, Aya-barag-ana — one of the rare Early Dynastic inscriptions to record a woman's active role in dedicating cult objects.
Law
Anonymous Nippur 04 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 04)
A votive dedication to Nintinuga, goddess of healing, from ~2450 BCE Nippur — attesting her cult and the practice of consecrated vessel offerings a century before Sargon unified Mesopotamia.
Law
Anonymous Nippur 05 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 05)
Dedicatory inscription naming Puzur-Mama, a merchant, before the healing goddess Nintinuga — early evidence that commercial figures, not only kings or priests, commissioned votive texts at Nippur around 2450 BCE.
Law
Anonymous Nippur 06 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 06)
A votive dedication to Ninlil by a ruler named Enlila, attesting the practice of offering consecrated vessels for the welfare of family members at Nippur a full century before the Akkadian Empire.
Law
Anonymous Nippur 07 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 07)
Votive dedication naming Saĝ-diĝir-tuku and Lugal-ennu preserves personal names and the practice of interceding for named individuals before the gods in Early Dynastic Nippur.
Law
Anonymous Nippur 08 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 08)
Dedicates a vessel to the goddess Ninlil on behalf of a named field surveyor's family — attesting private votive practice by a mid-level administrative official at Nippur during the Early Dynastic III period.
LawAnonymous Nippur 09 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 09)
(1') ..., the child of Lugal-aĝi, dedicated this (vessel) for the well-being of his spouse and child.
LawAnonymous Nippur 10 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 10)
(1) To Inana, Me-niĝarta, the spouse of ..., dedicated this (vessel) for her well-being.
LawAnonymous Nippur 11 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 11)
(1) To Inana, Urur, the land recorder, child of ..., and ..., his spouse, dedicated this (vessel).
LawAnonymous Nippur 12 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 12)
(1) To Inana, Gan-Utu, the spouse of Pa-a-nukuš, the ..., dedicated this (vessel).
LawAnonymous Nippur 14 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 14)
(1) To Inana, Gan-ezen, the spouse of ..., child of Gunidu, dedicated this (vessel).
Law
Anonymous Nippur 21 (FAOS 05/2, AnNip 21)
Preserves a dedicatory inscription naming a midwife as the dedicant — one of the earliest textual attestations of that profession in ancient Mesopotamia.
Law