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A curated narrative reconstruction of humanity's first great civilization, sourced from the tablets themselves. Open scholarship, beautifully accessible.

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Religion & Myth Law Economy Astronomy & Mathematics Daily Life Writing & Literature

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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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Showing all 102,257 tablets.

301–350 of 102257

Page 7 / 2046

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/01

1 [unit] — lion? (PIRIG), sheep (UDU), storehouse (E2), PAP-official, body/hide (SU) [...] — [...] [...] — [...] 1 [unit] — PAP-official, body/hide (SU) 1 [unit] — male workers (ERIM) [blank?] — PAP-official, body/hide (SU) [...] — [...] 4 [units] — NE [fire/fuel?], place (KI) 7 [units] — BU [plant/commodity?], place (KI) 6 [units] — TUR [small/young?], NI [oil/fat?] [...] — [...] barley (SZE)? [...] — [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/03

[...] basket(?) / barley / grass(fodder?) [...] 1 (unit), sky/An / male-workers / lion(PIRIG) [...] 1 (unit), fish / male-workers / goat [...] male-workers / lion(PIRIG) [...] [...] [...] [...] goat / place/origin [...]

Economy

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/04

9(N01) , [...] RU[?] 3(N01) , MAR~a DA~a AN 3(N01) [...] , X X [...] [...] 2(N01)[?] , X [...] 1(N01)[?] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1(N57) BA[?] [...] , X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/05

[...] [...] [...] [...] X [...] [...] X [...] [...] SA~a(?) [...] [...] X [...] [...] [...] [...] 3 , person(?) — RU — musician/singer 1 , [ZATU823] 1 , NI~a — fish — NA~b 1 , MAR~a(?) X [...] [...] [...] [...] , [furnace/oven type?] [...] , NUN~b(?) [...] 1 , goat

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/06

[...] [...]\n[...] [...] she-goat(?)\n[...] [...] ram\n[...] [...]\n[...] 1 [...] X\n— settlement(?) / person-category\n1 — ewe(?)\n3 — ram(s)\n2 — [NUN~b: quality/type marker?]\n[...] 1 [...]\n[...] [...]\n[...] [...]\n[...] [...]\n[...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/08

[...] , [...] 1(N01), SU~a PIRIG~b1 EN~a [U2~b] [...] , NUNUZ~a1 NI~a [...] 1(N01) , [X] DA~a [X] [...] 1(N01) , [X] [...] 1(N01) , [X] [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2869/09 + MS 2869/10

[...] 1(N01)[?], [...] 1(N57) salt 2(N01), builder/mason [SZIDIM] [...] 1(N01), vizier [SUKKAL] [...] 1(N01), [sign X] [...] 5(N01)[?] [...], [...] 3(N14)[?] [sign X] [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/15

[...] , [...] wool? [...] , [...] (hand/receipt)? [...] , [...] , ewe , she-goat 1(N01) [...] , X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 2(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/17

[...] , [...] X [...] , [...] garment/cloth [...] , [...] X male workers [...] , [...] [...] 1 unit , [...] X 2 units , BAN~b [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/18

[...] , [...] 1(N14) 4(N01) , [...] 1(N14) 4(N01) , UDUNITA — [male sheep/rams] [...] , NUN~b — [prince/quality marker/Eridu-type?] [...] , [...] [...] 2(N34) 5(N14) 5(N01) , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/19

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X 1 , X , plow 2 , plow X 1 , bird(s) [under/with] AN 1 , sheep X X 1 , [NI] X [SA] , [...] [...] 2 , [...] , [...] [...] 1 , [...] , HI plow [disbursement/allotment] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/22

4(N01) , [...] 3(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] 2(N01) , [...] 5(N01)? , [...] X 3(N01) , X male-workers 1(N01) [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] , [quality/type?] X [...] [...] , [...] 1(N14) 6(N01) [...] , goats [...] , [...] woman/female [...] PAP~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/23

[...] , [...] [...] , [lance/spear sign?] SI[?] [...] , X SAG-ŠU[?] [...] , [...] AL[?] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01)[?] , ŠU[?] X 1(N01) , KA~a beer MA 2(N01) , beer MA [...] 2(N01) , AN [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/25

[...] , [...] 1(N01) , EN [X] [...] 1(N01) , X [...] 1(N01) , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] (blank) , AB NUNUZ

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/28

[...] , [...] 2 , X SAL [...] 1 , [ZATU628~b] [...] 1 , [...] 1 , [...] [...] , [...] , APIN~a GIR3~c ZATU839 [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/29

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] 1(N01) , KU~b1 NI~a [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01) , [...] 2(N01) , X [...] 1(N01) , X [...] 1(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/31

[...] [...] 1(N01) [...] [...] 1(N01) [...] [...] 1(N01) [...] [...] [...] 1(N14) 3(N01) [...] PAP~a X X MUN~a [...] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/32

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X 1(N01)# [...] , X [...] [...] , [...] [...] , X [...] [...] , ZATU628~a# [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] AB~a# TE# [...] , [...] TUM~a [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/34

[...] , [...] [...] 1 (unit), GI6 OX BEER [vessel?] BELLY/INTERIOR [...] , [...] DU NI [...] , [...] X 1 (unit), SAG-SZU AN [...] , [...] [...] , [...] GOAT [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2900/36

[...] , [...] field/enclosure? [...] , [...] field/enclosure? [...] , [...] field/enclosure? 1(N01)[?] , [...] X 1(N01) , vessel (DUG~b type)[?] [...] 1(N01)[?] , X [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2964

1(N45) 5(N34) — barley (SZE3) 1(N45) 3(N48) 3(N34) 5(N14) — [commodity: ZATU837~a] 1(N48) 8(N34) 3(N14) 6(N01) — [commodity: ZATU837~b] 1(N48) 8(N34) 1(N14) 2(N01) — barley (SZE3) 3(N45) 1(N48) 5(N34) 4(N14) — [total / summary line?]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 2997

[...] , [...] [...] , [EN~a] TE [...] , [...] 1 , SI KU~b1 PA~a E2~b 1 , SI4 GI IN~b AN PA~a [...] , KALAM~a PA~a BU~a 1 , SI LAGAB~a AN SAG GI [...] , [...] 40 , SI4 [EN~a] RAD~a [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3002

2(N14) 4(N01) [= 24 units], barley — AN, PIRIG~b1 1(N14) 4(N01) [= 14 units], MUD — NUN~a 1(N14) 4(N01) [= 14 units], LUM — MA 3(N14) 1(N01) [= 31 units], DAR~b — PAP~a 2(N14) 2(N01) [= 22 units], PAP~a — PIRIG~b1 1(N14) 4(N01) [= 14 units], KI[?] — GAL~a DU 2(N14) 3(N01) [= 23 units], BU~a[?] — DU 3(N14) 2(N01) [= 32 units], SAL 4(N14) [= 40 units], SZAB~a [blank / summary line] 2(N45) 3(N14) [large total], barley — GIBIL U4 — PAP~a IB~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3004

3 [units] — barley, MUD, NUN 2[large units] 1[medium unit] — X, new/fresh 1 [unit] — X, PAP 1 [unit] — X, DAR Total: 5 [units] 2[large units] 1[medium unit] — [day/sun], barley, new/fresh, PAP, IB

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3150

7 [units], BA SAL KIŠ 6 [units], interior/heart 2 [units], |U4×4(N57)| 2 [units], |U4×3(N57)| 6 [units], |U4×2(N57)| 5 [units], |U4×1(N57)| 2 [units], NINDA2[?] [...] X X 2 [units], |U4×1(N57)| PAP~a[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3152

7 [animals], sheep (UTUA~a) 4 [animals], rams (UDUNITA~a) 1 [animal], [quality/type: NUN~b] 2 [animals], large (GAL~a) billy-goat(s) 2 [animals], [|U4x2(N57)|] goat(s) [entry:] GA2~a1 ZATU647 NUN~a, foot-delivery, GURUSZDA~a 16 [animals total], sheep (UDU~a) ZATU647 GA2~a1 NUN~a, foot-delivery, GURUSZDA~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3153

2(N34) 5(N14) — KUR~a, KISZ 3(N34) 2(N14) 3(N01) — KISZ, SAL 5(N34) 2(N14) 1(N01) — EN~a 5(N14) 2(N01) — ERIM~a 6(N34) 1(N14) 3(N01) — KISZ

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3158

4 calves 2 [units of] GESZTU~b (ear? / craft item?) 2 GAL UR3~b1 (large ...?) 1 |EN~a×NUN~a| (lord/high official?) 2 MAR~a (implement / shovel?) 3 GAN2 (field units?) 2 |SZU2×EN~a| 1 TUKU [1 large unit +] 1, |GA2~b×X| [2 large units +] 4, BA? (disbursement?) [5 large units +] 2, KISZ SIG2~d2 BA (combed/fine wool — disbursed?)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3164

[N] , [...] [N] , [...] 1(N01) , [...] 1(N01) , [...] 1(N01) , [...] 1(N01) , MAR~a [N] , EN~a [...] [N] , [...] 1(N14) , KIŠ |BU~a+DU6~a| ERIN EN~a X

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3197a

14 (units), SAL (woman/female) — KISZ 13 (units), KUR~a (foreign/highland?) — KISZ 21 (units), |EZEM~axX| (festival/ration category?) — KISZ [subtotal marker] ZATU758 48 (units), [KISZ] X TAK4~a SZITA@g~a MAR~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3882

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] (sign uncertain) [...] , [...] [...] , [...] (sign uncertain) [...] , [...] (sign uncertain) [...] , SAL[?] (sign uncertain) [...] 1(N14)[?] , SAL (sign uncertain) [...] [...] , [...] 1(N48)[?] 3(N34) 5(N14)[?] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] (signs uncertain) (signs uncertain)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3884

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] X [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [ŠUBUR?] [...] , [...] KU X [...] , [...] 1(N34) , X X 1(N34)[?] , X [DUB?] X 2(N34) , cattle-pen / cow / temple-administrator 2(N14)[?] [...] , IB [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N34) 1(N14) , BA[?] [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 3885

3(N14) [large units], DUG~a RAD~a 2(N14) 2(N01) [= 22], KITI 3(N01), ZATU795 LAM~b[?] 2(N01), E2~b PA~a 8(N01), RAD~a (totaled/grouped) 6(N01), AB~b NUNUZ~a1 5(N01), LAGAR~a — [Total:] 1(N34) 1(N14) 6(N01) [large sum], DUG~a PAP~a SU~a RAD~a

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4459

[...] [...]\n[...] 4(N14) [...] | [...] she-goat(s) clay/tablet(?)\n2(N14) | she-goat(s) clay/tablet(?) small/junior house(?)\n1(N14) | clay/tablet(?) lord/EN prince/NUN X\n7(N14) | [...]\n[...] | [...]\n[...] | [...] X\n[blank] | clay/tablet(?) branch/overseer ZATU669 IB\nX [...] | clay/tablet(?) X [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4460

[...] , [...] 4(N01) , [X] ERIM~a[?] 1(N01) , [X] [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01) , [...] 2(N01) , [...] 2(N01) , [X] [...] , [X X] [...] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] 28 , [NE~a?] [...] fish [...] [...] , [...] 24 , fish PAP~a SU~a 38[+?] [...] , [...] [...] 22[?] [...] , RAD~a [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4461

[...] 1 unit, linen cloth 1 unit, [X] wool [...], [...] wool [...], [...] [...], [...] X bird ZATU659 A |ŠITA×ŠU2| [...], [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4462

[...] , [...] [...] 2 , [...] sun/day [...] 2 , plow [...] 9 , [sign group: NA AN DI AN] [...] 3 , [...] [leather/hide object?] 1 , lion-[type] + troops/enemy 3 , garden + [garden with grain?] [...] 1 , [...] head [...] 1 , DA + [ZATU710] , standard/pole + IB [...] 6 , ewes 4(×10) 6 [= 46] , she-goats [...] , [...] [...] 4 [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4463

2 units — wool/fine goods [processing term RAD~a] [...] — [...] [enclosure/cowshed sign with internal element]#? [...] — [...] 2 units#? [...] — [...] [...] — [...] [...] 1 large unit#? [...] 1 unit#? — [...] [...] 1 unit#? — [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4483

3 [units], rations allocated 1 [large unit], 4 [fractional units], rations allocated 5 [units], [type of] fish, measured 1 [unit], donkey? / sheep? 1 [unit], [commodity], measured 5 [units], fish, measured 1 [unit], [sign DU8, function unclear] 2 [units], [compound sign SZAxHI, meaning unclear] [MU BA — 'year of disbursement' / distribution notation] [remainder lost or blank]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4486

Obverse (Face A): [Large quantity] + [intermediate quantity] + [large quantity] + [mid-order quantity] + [mid-order quantity], barley 2 [units], carp — disbursed 3 [units], 4 [fractional units] carp [Mid-order count] + [unit] + [mid-order count], MU — brother/kin; great GIR 2 [units], brother/kin ZATU714 [fish product/sub-category] 3 [mid-order units] [...], brother/kin — great [...], [...] carp? fish Reverse (Face B): 20 [units], cowshed — fish + fish — 1 [higher unit] 1 [unit], ZATU846 — 1 [higher unit] 2 [units], KI@n — female duck/goose 1 [unit], sheep — [great × X] 1 [mid-order unit], co…

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4489

3 [units N01], ZATU710 2(N39~a) 1(N24) — cow/cattle? [LAGAB×BIR3?] — ration-allocation (GAR) 1(N24) — BAR[?] — [ŠAxHI~a]? — barley[?] 2(N39~a) 1(N24) — cow/cattle? [LAGAB×BIR3?] — ration-allocation (GAR) 1(N39~a) — GUG2? 1(N24) — [ŠAxHI~a] — HI~a 3 [units N01] — ZATU710 SI ME~a 1(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39~a) — barley 4(N39~a) — HI~a 1(N14) 2(N01) 1(N39~a) — barley, HI~a, fish, courtyard/threshing floor

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4493

25 ewes (U8) 25 wethers/male sheep (UDUNITA) 20 she-goats (UD5) 2[+x ...] | [large number] × 1 | BAR KIR11 [damaged category of sheep] [...] BAR highland lamb (KUR~a SILA4~c) [...] 5 goats (MASZ2) ZI~a UB [disbursement/subtraction notation] ZATU624~c NU DA~a ZATU752 [blank / total line]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4495

Face (obverse): [Upper register:] 1(N46) 3(N20) 3(N05) 3(N42~a) 1(N25) — barley [Lower register:] 8(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a) — HI@g~a [+damaged sign] Reverse: [Upper register:] 1(N46)# 3(N20)# 3(N05)# 3(N42~a)# 1(N25)# — barley# [Middle register:] 8(N20) 1(N05) 3(N42~a) — HI@g~a [Lower/final register:] 2(N46) 1(N20)? 5(N05)? 1(N42~a)? 1(N25)# — [HI@g~a]# barley# [disbursed]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4496

3(N14) [X] barley(?) UR5~a — received (SZU) 2(N14) 1(N01) — distributed (BA) 1(N01) 2(N39~a) 1(N24) — deducted/cut (TAR~a) 2(N01) 2(N39~a)[?] — X [...] 1(N01) 1(N24) — house/institution (E2~b) [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4499

[...] 1(N39~a) [...] X 1(N14) 3(N39~a) , |U4×1(N14)| SIG7 NAGA~a[?] 2(N01) , AN BIR3~b[?] NUNUZ~a1 6(N14) , |EZEN~a×SU~a| [quantity] , ŠE GU7 [...] , [...] X [...] , GU7 [...] , [...] 1(N45) 7(N14) 4(N01) 1(N39~a) , ŠE[...] [...] 1(N24)[?] 1(N26)[?] , [...] [...] , [...] 2(N45) 2(N01) [...] , [...] [...] , [...]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4504

[...] , [...] [...] , [...] 1 unit , X [...] 2 units , [overseer?] + ox [...] , [...] X ox [plow-related] 4 units , ox + plow 6 units , ox + [ZATU718] 1 higher unit , ox + [ZATU718] + plow

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4505

[...] 5 large units, fish (KISAL context) 3 large units, birds [X] 3 large units, [GIR3-type commodity] [X] 1 large unit, [MUD] [X] [BU] [disbursement?] DA [X] 1 large unit 3 small units, [AN] [X] [...] [...] , [...] 2 small units, seed(?) [EN] [PAP] [GU7 — consumption/ration?] 20 large units, 3 [N57 units], storehouse-official, sheep-and-(?) 1 [N45] 20 large units,

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4512

4(N01)[?] [...] , [...] 1(N01)[?] [...] , [...] 1(N01)[?] , X 2(N01) , MUŠEN[?] [...] , [...] [...] , [...] [...] 1(N01)[?] , [...] 2(N01) , men (ERIM~a) X 1(N14) 5(N01) , men (ERIM~a) — total/sum (KIŠ)

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4513

11 [units] — SANGA (temple administrator/high priest) [of/at] Kiš 13 [units] — EN (lord/high-priest) [at a specific] place/location 6 [units] — GEŠTU (ear/wisdom) 6 [units] — NUN+EN (prince+lord compound) 8 [units] — KAB 12 [units] — GAL (great/chief) 3 [units] — ŠE.NAM₂ KAB (grain/barley [of a specific] category) 3 [units] — AN ŠU₂ EN (sky/An, covered/set, lord) 2 [large units] 51 [units] (total?) 15 [units] [1 very large unit +] 6 [units] — Kiš [location]

~3100 BCE·Uruk PeriodOur engine

MS 4538

6 [units], KIŠ[?] 2 [units], female calf[?] 4 [units], [LAM~b?] calf [...] 1(N14) 2 [units], [LAGAB~b] TE KIŠ calf[?] (chief?) SANGA official, great, ŠITA-weapon [...][...]

1…6 7 8…2046