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Page 1 / 73
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Disk of Enheduanna
The literary tradition is no longer anonymous from this point. Authorship — the idea that a specific human voice composes a specific work — enters the historical record with her.
Religion & MythWriting & Literature~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Man-ištušu 1
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on its socle.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 14
(1) ... installed it in the temple of Enlil. (3) At that time Su’āš-takal, the estate administrator of the king was its leader; Irina-badbi was the temple administrator of Enlil.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2001
(1) Narām-Suen, king of Agade, king of the four quarters: Irina-badbi, temple administrator of Enlil, is your servant.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2018
(1) To Ningublaga of Asug-ĝišdua, Išṭup-ilum, his estate administrator dedicated this (plaque) for the well-being of Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, and for the well-being of En-men-ana.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2019 / CDLI Seals 001417 (CDLI Seals 001417 (physical))
(1) En-men-ana: Ursi, the doorkeeper, is her servant.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Naram-Suen 2020 / CDLI Seals 005992 (CDLI Seals 005992 (composite))
(1) Naram-Suen, the god of Akkad, En-men-ana, the en-priestess of Nanna, his child: ..., the scribe, is her slave.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written at his left side.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 18 (Sumerian)
(1) Rimuš, king of the world: Since the dawn of time no one had ever fashioned a tin statue for Enlil, (but now) Rimuš, king of the world fashioned a tin statue of himself and set it up before Enlil. He counted himself among the gods. (20) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may Enlil and Utu uproot him and destroy his lineage! (colophon 1, 1) Inscription of a šahum cauldron. (colophon 2, 1) Inscription ... of Rimuš.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Rimuš 2001
(1') To ..., ..., ... of Šuruppak, chosen by Sud in the heart, whose name was proclaimed by Nin-ĝidru, ... for the well-being of his king, Rimuš, king of the world.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Šar-kali-šarri 4 (Sumerian)
(1) Enlil spoke: He gave all ... to Šar-kali-šarri, the powerful king, cup-bearer of Enlil, king of Akkad, king of Enlil's people. After he had arrived at the source of the Tigris and the Euphrates, he himself dedicated this (object) to Enlil in Nibru. (colophon 1, 1) The number of its (lines) is six.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 01 (Sumerian)
(1) Šarrukin, king of Agade, commissioner of Inana, king of the world, išib priest of An, king of the Land, chief governor of Enlil, conquered the city of Unug and demolished its city-walls. He fought with the leader of Unug and defeated him. (21) He fought with Lugal-zagesi, king of Unug, captured him, and took him to the gate of Enlil in a neck stock. (30) Šarrukin, king of Agade, fought with the leader of Urim and defeated him. He conquered his city and demolished its city-walls. (42) He conquered the temple of Ninmarki, and demolished its walls. From Lagaš until the sea he conquered all…
Law~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 02
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle. It was written in front of Lugalzagesi.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 03
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. Its socle is not inscribed.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 06
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription was written on the socle. (colophon 2, 1) The inscription on the shoulder of Lugalzagesi.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 07
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. ....
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 11 (Akkadian)
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue. Its socle is not inscribed.
Law~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 11 (Sumerian)
(1) Šarrukin, king of the world, was victorious in 34 battles. He demolished all city walls as far as the shore of the sea. He moored the ships of Meluhha, Magan, and Dilmun at the quay of Agade. (14) In Tuttul, Šarrukin, the king, prostrated himself before Dagan and prayed to him. (Dagan then) gave him the Upper land, (including) Mari, Yarmuti, and Ebla, as far as the cedar forests and the mountains of precious metal. (29) In the presence of Šarrukin, the king whom Enlil made a man without opponent, 13 (units) of troops eat daily. (38) Whoever obliterates this inscription, may An obliterate h…
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 12
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 13
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on its socle.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 15
(colophon 1, 1) The inscription on the statue.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 16
(1) Enheduana, the zirru-priestess, Nanna's spouse, child of Šarrukin, king of the world, erected an altar in the temple of Inana-ZAZA in Urim. She named it “The altar is An's table”.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2001
(1') ..., the estate adminstrator of Tašlultum, Šarrukin's spouse, ... for the well-being ....
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2003 / CDLI Seals 001436 (CDLI Seals 001436 (physical))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: Ilum-palil is her hairdresser.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2004 / CDLI Seals 001437 (CDLI Seals 001437 (physical))
(1) Adda, steward of En-hedu-ana.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2005 / CDLI Seals 012025 (CDLI Seals 012025 (composite))
(1) En-hedu-ana, child of Šarrukin: ... is her servant.
Economy~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2006add
(1) To Šara of the E-mah, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireETCSRI
Sargon 2007add
(1) To Šara of the Abzu-banda, Egal-isi, the temple administrator of Zabalam, dedicated this (object) for the well-being of Šarrukin, king of Agade.
Writing & LiteratureReligion & Myth
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Amarna letter. Letter from Yapahu (ruler of Gezer) to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III or son Akhenaten. Yapahu requests help against Hapiru (Biblical Hebrews), a…
Daily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Clay tablet. Old Akkadian account text about fields. 2334-2004 BCE. From Iraq. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform Akkadian clay tablet 1
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (Public domain). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Small clay tablet with cuneiform writing on both sides (in Akkadian language), from Early Old Babylonian period. It displays an account of labor, specifically refe…
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- account text concerning bitumen, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 134
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Cuneiform tablet- house sale contract, Quradum archive MET ME86 11 204
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: Akkadian; Cuneiform tablet; Clay-Tablets-Inscribed
EconomyDaily Life
~2300 BCE·Akkadian EmpireEditorial
Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Tablet in Akkadian Cuneiform - Nate Loper (43494374962)
Tablet image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0). No scholarly translation referenced in source metadata. Source description: The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after…
Religion & Myth
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/2, pl. 140, 1971-349
1. 20 gur barley (by the sag-gal₂ ["great-head"] measure) — 2. (for) the gala-priest (and) the chief carpenter; 3. 20 — Ur-e₂, the leatherworker; 4. 20 — Inim-Utu; 5. 20 — En-ane, the SIG₁₅; 6. (n, not given) — the gala, the SIG₁₅; 7. 20 — Adkup-gal (the [chief] reed-worker/mat-weaver); 8. they are the men of Nu-ira; 9. the farmer is their commissioner (maškim).
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/3, pl. 245, Bod S 295
2 barig beer bread (of) Akkade 2 barig groats 2 barig malt 2 barig flour 2 ban2 fine flour (for) Mama-hursag Total: 1 gur 3 barig 2 ban2 flour, by the Akkade gur-standard 2 ban2 fine flour Year 3, month 7 (ITI sign: |UDxSZE.TIL| — a locally-named month).
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAICAB 1/4, Bod S 340
1. 1 barig, 3 ban2 fine flour (zi3-sig15) of Agade (a-ga-de3) 2. 1 gur, 1 barig zi3-gu-flour 3. 3 gur dabin-flour (coarse flour) 4. 2 gur, 3 ban2(?) barley malt-flour (zi3-munu4) 5. 2 ban2 [...] AN(?) [...] (broken) 6. A(?) [......] (broken, largely illegible) 7. [......] (illegible) 8. 1 barig(?) [......] (broken) 9. 2 years, 2 months
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 009
2 jars of 5-ban2 beer, 2 jars of 3-ban2 beer, (for) the additional first-fruits offering (nesag diri). Total: 2 barig 4 ban2 — its barley (equivalent). 6 years, 8 months.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 012
2 sheep, "chosen by the heart" (selected/designated) 1 lamb, the flank(?) of UD-ḪUB2 (uncertain term/name) 1 lamb (for) Dumuzi 1 lamb (for) Lugal-pa'e 1 sheep (for) the cook 5 lambs (for) the Abzu [1]1 sheep, (for) the diviner (maš-šu-gi4-gi4) Total: 14 sheep, 10 minus 1 (= 9) lambs — booked out (disbursed).
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
AAS 202
x x [...] (traces, illegible) 1 [...] kal-la(?) — (name, ending in -kalla) 1 Me-pa-x(?) — (personal name) 1 Ur-[...] — (personal name) 1 Lugal-maškim [1] Lu2-[...] — (personal name) [1] Lu2 [...] — (personal name) [...] pa-geš-[...] (traces) Its inspection was performed (gurum2-bi i3-ak). 7 years, 5 months.
Economy
~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
MCS 4, 014 04
(Obverse — top broken) [...] ... [...]-muti, [...]-tebisir; 1 gur 4 barig — ...-ruk...; 1 gur 2 barig — Inzu; 1 gur 4 barig — Baruksir; 2 gur — Atiti; 1 gur 4 barig — Kiti; [n +] 1 gur — ...-imma; [...] ... . (Reverse) [Total: ... n gur] 4 barig 2 ban of barley, by the gur-measure, [...] ...-gar; foreman: Kiti. (Remainder of reverse uninscribed)
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
CT 50, 049
566 sheep, 303 female goats — confirmed on the broad tablet. 135 sheep, 12 lambs: these are sheep of the slaughter-rotation. Sheep at pasture. Year: the expedition-yoke at the drinking-hall was established.
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
CUSAS 11, 283
143 gur of barley — its field-area: 1 bur3. Month of Še-sag-kal, day 7. Field of Mu-nu11-mah; [Field of Gada-gar-Ib]-ni-Suen — it is (this).
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
JCS 32, 169 1
Wood(en) ... not ... [...] Wooden [object], [its] face/front, [sign uncertain], ... not (At the) foot / path of the city The path(?) of Utu is made just [...] ...-[broken] A man [...] path(?) [...] to measure [...] vessel(?) Toward its throne dais(?) A man who does not return (what he owes to) a man A man who does not add (what is due) to a man [...] Wood(en) [...] ... [...] Wood(en?) binding [...] The term of office passes ... [...] [...] for its destiny, a judgment is rendered Alas — it was brought out [...]
Law~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Lippmann Coll 001
3 [units] of finest-quality bread; 36 gu2-zi jars; 18 jars of [...]; [...] received. At the mouth of the small canal — bread disbursed. Lugal-an-dul3, chief cupbearer; Mes-ki-gal-la, governor of Adab.
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Lippmann Coll 004
[n ...] weaver(s) [...]... [...]-lum [...] house [...] their commissioner [...] bank of the city [n?] I-lum-gar3, scribe — An-na-šum2. 1 merchant: An-na-šum2. A garment has been issued.
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Lippmann Coll 006
32 + [n] sheep Adda [n +] 23 — Inim-ma-ni-zi 30 — E2-dam-si 30 — Nin-da [n +] 8 — [lu2...]-u2-[...] [remainder broken]
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Lippmann Coll 009
11 gur, 1 barig, 1 ban2 of flour 25 gur of barley 3 gur of beer-bread [...] (broken) [n+]1 gur, 2 barig of groats 48 gur, 1 barig, 1 ban2 — grand total Annašum
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Lippmann Coll 013
[n] goat(s) — Sag-zi; 1 goat — Ili-ili; [n] goat(s) — [...]-ba; 1 goat — Ur-tir; 1 male sheep — Ka-ku3, son of Ur-[...]
Economy~2270 BCE·Akkadian EmpireOur engine
Lippmann Coll 018
[...]-gu [...]: [Thus] speak: To my lord, say: 'The troops have been set in order. On day 4, [they] perished — mace(?). 15 troops were [...] [...]-na-ga [...] [...] gathered [...] [...] [...] [...] [...] [...] year / name (?) [...] in the palace. A person who has nothing [...] may he bring it.'
Economy