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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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~1934 BCE·Old BabylonianEditorial

Code of Lipit-Ishtar

One of the earliest law codes after the Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100 BCE), and the closest direct predecessor of Hammurabi's better-known code. Lipit-Ishtar's code is written in Sumerian — by this period a learned tongue, no longer spoken in daily life — and uses monetary compensation for personal injury, in continuity with Ur-Nammu. The legal tradition is Sumerian; Hammurabi's later innovation is largely to translate it into Akkadian and add the lex talionis.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Bur-Sin 1

(1) Bur-Suen, the shepherd who makes Nibru utterly content, the powerful farmer of Urim, the restorer of Eridug’s divine design, the en priest suitable for the divine powers of Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the spouse who befits Inana's holy lap.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Bur-Sin 2002 / CDLI Seals 012217 (CDLI Seals 012217 (composite))

(1) Bur-Suen, the powerful king, king of Sumer and Akkad: Abbaĝu, the scribe, child of Lu-Utu, is your servant.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Bur-Sin 2003 / CDLI Seals 001562 (CDLI Seals 001562 (physical))

(1) Warad-Šamaš, child of Ziyatum, is the servant of Bur-Suen.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Bur-Sin 2004 / CDLI Seals 012051 (CDLI Seals 012051 (composite))

(1) ..., child of Damu-rabi, is the servant of Bur-Suen.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Bur-Sin 2005 / CDLI Seals 005549 (CDLI Seals 005549 (physical))

(1) Bur-Suen, the powerful king, king of Sumer and Akkad: Lu-Enlila, the scribe, child of Lugal-ezen, is your servant.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Bur-Sin 2006 / CDLI Seals 002155 (CDLI Seals 002155 (physical))

(1) Ilum-ahu, ..., is the servant of Bur-Suen.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Damiq-ilišu 2001

(1) To Nergal of Apiak, the respected lord, the powerful lion, his master, Warad-Nanna, the royal scribe, child of Piqqum, his servant, dedicated this (lion statue) for the well being Damiq-ilišu, king of Sumer and Akkad.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 01

(1) Enlil-bani, the shepherd, who makes everything abundant for Nibru, the farmer of Urim’s plentiful barley, who purifies all divine powers of Eridug, the favourite en-priest of Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the spouse chosen in the heart by Inana.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 02

Attests Enlil-bani's construction of Isin's great city wall ca. 1925 BCE, with its dedicatory name preserving the ideological formula that equated a king's name with the physical permanence of urban fortification.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 03

Attests Enlil-bani's rebuilding of Isin's city wall c. 1925 BCE, anchoring both his public works programme and his claim to divine legitimacy through Inana's spousal election and Enlil's favour.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 04

Enlil-bani of Isin (r. c. 1860–1837 BCE) records his construction of the E-urĝira temple for Ninisina, anchoring his legitimacy in the goddess's patronage of Isin and his priestly role at Uruk.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 05

(1) For Ninibgal, the compassionate lady, who loves votive offerings, who listens to prayers and supplications, her shining mother, Enlil-bani, the shepherd, who makes everything abundant for Nibru, the farmer of Urim’s plentiful barley, who purifies all divine powers of Eridug, the beloved en-priest of Unug, the powerful king, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the spouse choosen in the heart by Inana, built her beloved temple.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 06

(1) For Nintinuga, lady of the living and the dead, his lady, Enlil-bani, the powerful king, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the beloved of Enlil and Ninisina, built the E-nidubu, his beloved temple.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 07

Attests Enlil-bani's construction of the E-dimgal-ana temple for the goddess Sud at Isin, anchoring his reign (~1860–1837 BCE) within the Sumerian tradition of legitimating kingship through divine patronage.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 08

(1) For Enlil, king of all lands, his master, Enlil-bani, the powerful king, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the beloved of Enlil and Ninisina, ....

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 09

Enlil-bani of Isin claims to have 'established justice in Sumer and Akkad' — the same reforming formula later codified by Hammurabi — linking his reign to a tradition of royal law-giving a century before Babylon's famous code.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Enlil-bani 12add

(i 1) For Annunītum of Agade, his lady, Enlil-bani, the shepherd, who makes everything abundant for Nibru, the powerful king, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the spouse chosen in the heart by Inana, built the Ulmaš, her beloved temple in Isin.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Erra-imitti 2001 / CDLI Seals 002519 (CDLI Seals 002519 (physical))

(1) Iliška-uṭul, the scribe, child of Suen-ennam, is the servant of Erra-imitti.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Iddin-Dagan 1

(1) To Ninisina, his lady, Iddin-Dagan, the powerful king, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, dedicated this (statue) for his well-being. (9) Whoever ... order to perform a misdeed ..., may Ninisina, my lady, and Damu, may master, curse him!

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Iddin-Dagan 2001

(1) Iddin-Dagan, the powerful man, ...: ..., child of ..., the scribe, is your servant.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Iddin-Dagan 3

(1) For Ninlil, the lady of the gods, Iddin-Dagan, the powerful king, fashioned a composite copper statue, set it up before her, and dedicated it to her for his well-being. (6) Whoever gives order to perform a misdeed against this (statue), ... my handiwork, erases this inscription and writes his own name there, or makes another man raise his hand against it on account of this curse, may Nanna, my master, Ninlil, my lady, and Dagan, my personal god, curse him!

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išbi-Erra 1

(1) For Enlil, king of all land, his master, Išbi-Erra, the powerful king, the king of his land, fashioned a lofty balaĝ-drum, which ... the heart, and dedicated it to him for his well-being. (12) The name of this balaĝ-drum is “Išbi-Erra puts (his) trust in Enlil.”

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 01

Royal self-presentation of Išme-Dagan I of Isin, accumulating cultic titles across Nippur, Ur, Eridu, and Uruk to legitimise rule over a fragmented post-Ur III landscape.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 02

Royal titulary of Išme-Dagan I of Isin, attesting his claim to en-priesthood of Uruk and spousal relationship with Inana — ideological strategies by which Isin kings legitimised succession to the fallen Ur III empire.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 03

Names En-ana-tuma as both zirru and en priestess of Nanna at Ur, documenting the rare overlap of two distinct priestly offices in a single woman under Išme-Dagan's reign.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 04

Identifies En-ana-tuma as both en priestess of Nanna at Ur and daughter of Išme-Dagan, directly linking royal Isin dynastic authority to the prestigious lunar-cult office at its traditional Ur III heartland.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 05

Records Išme-Dagan of Isin's grant of tax exemption and military-service immunity to Nippur — a concrete example of how early second-millennium kings purchased Enlil's divine favor through civic privilege.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 07

Records Išme-Dagan of Isin legitimising his reign through Enlil's divine appointment of Ninurta as his patron — a ritual weapon dedication that translates theological sanction into political authority.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 11

(1) Išme-Dagan, provider of Nibru, steadfast supporter of Urim, tireless servant of Eridug, en priest of Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the beloved spouse of Inana, built the great wall of Dūrum, his city of military governorship as crown prince.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 12

(1) To Nanna, the firstborn child of Enlil, his master, Išme-Dagan, provider of Nibru, steadfast supporter of Urim, tireless servant of Eridug, en priest of Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the beloved spouse of Inana, dedicated this (vase) for his well-being.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 14

(1) A-aba, the child of En-ana-tuma, en priestess of Nanna.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 2001

Dedicatory bowl inscription naming Išme-Dagan as king of Ur: one of the surviving attestations anchoring his reign within the Isin dynasty's claim to Sumerian royal legitimacy.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Išme-Dagan 2002add

(1) To Nergal of Aldak, his master, Warad-Erra, gudug priest of Nergal, son of Adalal, the gudug priest, his servant, dedicated this (mace) for the well-being of Išme-Dagan, the powerful king, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 01

Lipit-Eštar's self-presentation as 'humble shepherd' who 'established justice' in Sumer and Akkad — predating Hammurabi by roughly 150 years — anchors the ideological lineage of Mesopotamian law-giving kingship.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 02

Lipit-Eštar frames the building of his palace as an act of justice for Sumer and Akkad — linking royal construction ideology to the legal reforms that precede Hammurabi by roughly 150 years.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 04

Lipit-Eštar names himself 'humble shepherd of Nibru' and 'favourite of Inana' while linking his law-giving directly to temple construction — evidence that Isin kings framed legal reform as a divine mandate, not a civic one.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 05

(1) When I, Lipit-Eštar, the humble shepherd of Nibru, the true farmer of Urim, ceaseless provider of Eridug, the en priest suitable for Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the favourite of Inana, established justice in Sumer and Akkad, then by the command of Enlil and Nanna I restored Urim and dug its moat.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 07

(1) For Inana of Mur, her Inana, Lamassatum, (Lipit-Estar's) mother built the E-maruru, her beloved storehouse in Isin for the well-being of Lipit-Eštar, the shepherd who heeds the gods, king of Sumer and Akkad, spouse of Inana, and also for her (own) well-being.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 08

(1) When I, Lipit-Eštar, the king of Sumer and Akkad, established justice in Sumer and Akkad, then I dedicated this (eye-stone) for Ninlil, lady of the gods, the Inana who created me, my mother who bore me, for my well-being.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 09add

Lipit-Eštar frames canal construction as an act of justice — yoking hydraulic infrastructure to royal ideology a generation before his more famous law code.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 10add

(i 1) When I, Lipit-Eštar, the humble shepherd of Nibru, the true farmer of Urim, ceaseless provider of Eridug, the en priest suitable for Unug, king of Isin, king of Sumer and Akkad, the favourite of Inana, established justice in Sumer and Akkad, then for Nanaya, the beloved child of Inana, my lady, I built the E-me-urur, her beloved storehouse in Isin.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 2001 / CDLI Seals 012213 (CDLI Seals 012213 (composite))

(1) Lipit-Eštar, the powerful king, king of Urim: Aya-duga, gudug-abzu priest of Nanna, šita-eša priest, child of Duga-zida, is your servant.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 2002

(1) Lipit-Eštar, the powerful king, king of his land: Iddin-Dagan-waqar, the ešabda official, child of Nanna-isag, is your servant.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 2003 / CDLI Seals 012214 (CDLI Seals 012214 (composite))

(1) Lipit-Eštar, the powerful king, king of Urim: ..., the scribe, child of Lu-Inana, is your servant.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Lipit-Eštar 2004 / CDLI Seals 012216 (CDLI Seals 012216 (composite))

(1) Lipit-Eštar, the powerful king, ....

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Sin-magir 2001 / CDLI Seals 002462 (CDLI Seals 002462 (physical))

(1) Iddin-damu, the chief builder, child of Iaya, is the servant of Enki and Sin-magir.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Sin-magir 2002 / CDLI Seals 002551 and 009452

(1) Imgur-Sin, the temple administrator, child of Sin-iddinam, is the servant of Sin-magir.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Sin-magir 2003 / CDLI Seals 012218 (CDLI Seals 012218 (composite))

(1) Ana-damu-taklaku, child of Adata, is the servant of Sin-magir.

~1925 BCE·Old BabylonianETCSRI

Šu-ilišu 1

(1) When Šu-ilišu, the powerful man, king of Urim, brought home (the statue of) Nanna from Anšan to Urim, then for Nanna, the most outstanding among the Anuna gods, his master, he built the Dublamah, his place of rendering judgement. He installed for him a decorated two-wing door, and dedicated it to him for his well-being. (19) Whoever gives order to perform a misdeed against this (door), transfers it to a storehouse, or makes another man raise his hand against it on account of this curse, may Nanna, my master, and Ningal, my lady, curse him!