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Ubaid Uruk Period Early Dynastic Akkadian Empire Ur III · Neo-Sumerian Old Babylonian Old Assyrian Middle Babylonian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Persian

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~2100 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

Code of Ur-Nammu

The oldest surviving law code in human history. The principle that the state — not the wronged family — defines and enforces justice begins here.

Law

~2100 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Hammu-rapi 14 (Akkadian)

(1) For Utu, lord of heaven and earth, his master. (3) Hammu-rapi, who was appointed by An, who makes himself heard by Enlil, the favourite of Utu, the beloved shepherd of Marduk, the powerful king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters, the king who renovated all the sanctuaries of the great gods, when Utu gave him the rule over Sumer and Akkad and entrusted their nose-rope into his hands, then for Utu, the lord who supports him, he built the E-babbar, his beloved temple in Larsam, (Utu’s) city of lordship.

Law

~2100 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Lagaš II Unidentified 1034add

(1') To ..., ... dedicated this (bowl) ....

Law

~2100 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

The building of Ningirsu's temple (Gudea, cylinders A and B)

(Cylinder A i 1) On the day when in heaven and earth the fates were to be decided, Lagaš emerged prominently with great divine powers, and Enlil looked at lord Ninĝirsu with approval. In our city an eternal thing appeared. The heart overflowed with joy, Enlil's heart, a river in flood, oveflowed with joy, and just as the Tigris brings sweet water, so Enlil, whose will is an enormous flood, sparkling, and awe-inspiring, came to a sweet decision: (Cylinder A i 9) "Its owner requested the temple and I will make the E-ninnu's divine powers known everywhere. Being a man of great wisdom, the ruler…

Law

~2100 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Ur-ešlila 1

(1) To Ninšubur, Ur-akkila, the barber, dedicated this (stone tablet) for his own well-being. (5) His spouse is Gan-Utu. (7) His children are Gan-šubur, Me-kikugta, Ursaĝ-Utu, Inim-Utu-zid, ..., ..., ..., Nin-izuzu.

Law

~2100 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

URU-KA-gina 02

(i 1) For Ninĝirsu, Enlil's warrior, Iri-kagina, king of Ĝirsu, built the Antasura, his temple, the abundance of the Land, and his great temple of Tiraš. He built the temple of Bau. .... (ii 1) For Igalim he built the E-mehušgal-anki. For Šul-šagana he built his Kitušakkile. For Lama-saga, his guide, he built her temple; and within it he built temples for Zazaru, Ni-pae, and Urnunta-ea. For Ninnisig, Ninĝirsu's butcher, he built his temple. (iii 1') For Enlil, he built the Adda in Imsaĝ. For Nanše he dredged her beloved canal, the Id-Niĝin-du. He built the Eninnu at its beginning, and built th…

Law

~2100 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

URU-KA-gina 14c

(1) The datepalm tree standing on the right side, whose name is "Then king is never tired of caring for Eridug", was planted by Iri-kagina, king of Lagaš. (Year) 3."

Law

~2099 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

NATN 537

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — NATN 537. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the translite…

Law

~2099 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 020

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 020. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Ur-Nammu y14 — The throne of Enlil was fashioned based on canonical year-name formula in the tr…

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

AUCT 3, 319

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — AUCT 3, 319. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

BE 03/1, 017

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — BE 03/1, 017. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

CUSAS 03, 1039

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — CUSAS 03, 1039. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Daily LifeEconomy

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

CUSAS 03, 1040

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — CUSAS 03, 1040. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Daily LifeEconomy

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

MVN 11, 151

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — MVN 11, 151. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

NATN 558

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — NATN 558. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 001

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 001. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 064

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 064. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 065

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 065. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 167

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 167. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 310

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 310. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 350

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 350. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Daily LifeEconomy

~2072 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

NRVN 1, 115

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — NRVN 1, 115. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y23 — Simurrum destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2069 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

CDLI School Texts 004870, ex. 003

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — CDLI School Texts 004870, ex. 003. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y26 — Harši destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the trans…

Writing & LiteratureDaily Life

~2069 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

NATN 363

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — NATN 363. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y26 — Harši destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2069 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

NYPL 142

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — NYPL 142. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y26 — Harši destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Daily LifeEconomy

~2060 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

LB 0135

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — LB 0135. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y35 — Anšan destroyed based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2058 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

CUSAS 39, 208

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — CUSAS 39, 208. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y37 — The Amorite wall was built based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteratio…

Law

~2058 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

MVN 03, 263

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — MVN 03, 263. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y37 — The Amorite wall was built based on canonical year-name formula in the transliteration.

Law

~2057 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 085

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 085. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y38 — Year after: The Amorite wall was built based on canonical year-name formula in the…

Law

~2057 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

TMH NF 1-2, 254

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 BC)) — TMH NF 1-2, 254. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format). [year-name] Dated to Šulgi y38 — Year after: The Amorite wall was built based on canonical year-name formula in the…

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianEditorial

Drehem Cattle-Distribution Tablet

A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.

EconomyDaily Life

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2017add

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Aya-kala, the governor of Umma, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2018add

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful man, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Aya-kala, the governor of Umma, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2019add / CDLI Seals 000033

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful man, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Aya-kala, the governor of Umma, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2040add

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful man, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Naram-ili, overseer of the doorkeepers, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2052add / CDLI Seals 005891 (CDLI Seals 005891 (composite))

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Ur-Lisi, the governor of Umma, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2060add

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Lugal-ituda, the scribe, child of Ur-Dumuzida, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2061add

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: ..., the governor of Umma, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2062add

(i 1) Amar-Suena, the powerful man, king of Urim: ..., the scribe, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Amar-Suena 2063add

(i 1) Amar-Suena, whose name was proclaimed by Enlil in Nibru, the steadfast supporter of Enlil's temple, the powerful man, king of Urim, king of the four quarters, presented this (seal) to Šu-Kabta, his son-in-law.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Ibbi-Suen 2022add

(i 1) Ibbi-Suen, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: En-temene, the envoy, his servant as crown prince.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Ibbi-Suen 2023add

(i 1) Ibbi-Suen, the powerful king, king of Urim: Gududu, child of Dadaga, the governor of Umma, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Ibbi-Suen 2046add

(i 1) Ibbi-Suen, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Ur-Enlil, child of Šarrum-bani, the general, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Ibbi-Suen 2058add

(i 1) Ibbi-Suen, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Nanna-maba, the scribe, is your servant.

Law

~2050 BCE·Ur III · Neo-SumerianETCSRI

Ibbi-Suen 2068add

(i 1) Ibbi-Suen, the powerful king, king of Urim, king of the four quarters: Puzur-Šulgi, the scribe, child of Abiya, the šarabdu offical, is your servant.

Law