Position in chronology
MDP 17, 318
About this tablet
A badly broken administrative tablet from Susa (ancient Elam, southwestern Iran), dating to the Uruk period — roughly 3300–3100 BCE, among the very earliest writing in human history. It records quantities of goods or commodities using proto-cuneiform pictographic signs and the round-impression numerals that preceded fully developed cuneiform. Tablets like this were the bookkeeping tools of an early urban bureaucracy, tracking allocations or receipts of commodified goods — possibly grain, animals, or labour — at one of the most important administrative centres outside Mesopotamia. The fragmentary state of the piece means its precise subject can no longer be read, but its form is typical of the earliest accountancy archives ever discovered.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Translation · reference
Low confidence[...] M346, 2 M066 M219 M066 M346, 1 M433 M096 [...], [...] [x x] M377 [x] M346, 2 M059 M317~a [...], [...] [...], 2 M218 M035 M066 M346, [...]
Source: engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-12/v4-interpretation)
Translation · AI engine
read from photo[...] M346, 2 M066 M219 M066 M346, 1 M433 M096 [...], [...] [x x] M377 [x] M346, 2 M059 M317~a [...], [...] [...], 2 M218 M035 M066 M346, [...]
11 uncertain terms ↓
- M346 — Proto-cuneiform sign; precise commodity or function not established in the surviving context. May denote a category of goods or a determinative.
- M066 — Proto-cuneiform sign; possibly a commodity or institutional designation. Attested in Uruk-period administrative corpora but meaning not securely identified.
- M219 — Proto-cuneiform sign; function uncertain. May be a qualifier or sub-category marker in this list context.
- M433 — Proto-cuneiform sign; reading and semantic value not established for this tablet.
- M096 — Proto-cuneiform sign; unidentified in this context.
- M377 — Proto-cuneiform sign; unidentified in this context.
- M059 — Proto-cuneiform sign; unidentified in this context.
- M317~a — Proto-cuneiform sign variant; the ~a suffix denotes a graphic variant. Meaning not established here.
- M218 — Glossary notes this as a possible subtotal or section-divider sign; inferred from parallels, not independently confirmed for this tablet.
- M035 — Proto-cuneiform sign; unidentified in this context.
- N01 numerals (1, 2) — The basic round-impressed unit in proto-cuneiform accounting. The commodity or measure being counted is not preserved or identifiable from surviving signs alone.
Reasoning ↓
Visual examination of the photograph confirms a highly fragmented clay tablet broken into at least five or six pieces, shown here laid out separately. The central main fragment is the only piece bearing clearly visible wedge- and round-impression marks; the surface is eroded and cracked with a diagonal fracture through the middle. Individual sign groups are faintly discernible on the central fragment — horizontal and diagonal wedge clusters consistent with proto-cuneiform administrative signs — but at this resolution and with this degree of surface erosion it is not possible to confirm specific sign identities (M346, M066, M219, etc.) against the scholar-provided transliteration. The smaller peripheral fragments (top, left, right, lower pieces) show little or no legible inscription on the faces visible in the photo. The museum number 'Sb 22475' and catalogue number '318' are clearly legible on the lower fragment label, confirming object identity. The transliteration uses CDLI proto-cuneiform sign designations (M-numbers) which cannot be independently verified from the photograph at this resolution; the translation therefore reproduces the transliteration sign labels directly since no established logograms or lemmata can be assigned to most of these proto-cuneiform signs with certainty. No standard scholarly edition beyond MDP 17 no. 318 is available to this reviewer.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 15, 2026 · 1881 in / 1079 out tokens
Why it matters
Transliteration
[...] M346# , 2(N01) M066# M219# M066 M346 , 1(N01) M433# M096# [...] , [...] x x M377# x M346 , 2(N01) M059 M317~a [...] , [...] [...] , 2(N01)# M218 M035 M066 M346 , [...]
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Proto-Elamite (ca. 3100-2900 BC)) — MDP 17, 318. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Louvre Museum, Paris, France (P008516) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-12/v4-interpretation).
Related tablets
Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.