Position in chronology
MS 3171
About this tablet
This is one of the world's oldest administrative records, dating to the Uruk period (roughly 3300–3000 BCE) in ancient Iraq, before writing had fully developed into a language-representing system. A temple or palace official used it to track quantities of livestock — sheep, goats, cattle — and other goods, possibly for rationing or redistribution. The tablet belongs to the very earliest phase of cuneiform, when signs were still largely pictographic and numbers were impressed as simple wedges and circles. It survives inside what appears to be a clay envelope or case, making it a rare example of a tablet preserved in its original wrapping — a sign the document was meant to be sealed and stored.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Translation · reference
Low confidence5 sheep (of a specific type/mark) 5 [animals?]: divided/apportioned, elder/chief 5 [animals?]: SZUR2-type, [unknown sign] 4 [units]: [uncertain commodity, ZATU678] 3 (large units): [LAGAB with internal HIxN04 sign] 4 [units]: [uncertain commodity, ZATU753] 6 goats (male) 3 cows (BIR AB2) 4 [units]: [GA2-type container with NUN sign] 5 [units]: branch/ration (PA), [uncertain commodity, ZATU659] 3 [units]: side/rib (DA) [commodity]: SZUR2-type [settlement/place sign]: URU, 8 [large numerical unit]
Source: engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-12/v4-interpretation)
Translation · AI engine
read from photo5 sheep (of a specific type/mark) 5 [animals?]: divided/apportioned, elder/chief 5 [animals?]: SZUR2-type, [unknown sign] 4 [units]: [uncertain commodity, ZATU678] 3 (large units): [LAGAB with internal HIxN04 sign] 4 [units]: [uncertain commodity, ZATU753] 6 goats (male) 3 cows (BIR AB2) 4 [units]: [GA2-type container with NUN sign] 5 [units]: branch/ration (PA), [uncertain commodity, ZATU659] 3 [units]: side/rib (DA) [commodity]: SZUR2-type [settlement/place sign]: URU, 8 [large numerical unit]
13 uncertain terms ↓
- UDU~a DIM~a — UDU is the standard sheep sign; DIM here may be a mark or breed qualifier. The '~a' variants denote specific archaic sign forms in the ZATU catalogue. Exact distinction from plain UDU uncertain.
- HAL — In Uruk period texts HAL may relate to division/apportionment of goods, but the precise administrative function is debated.
- PAP~a — May denote 'elder', 'chief', or a personal/institutional designation; function in this context unclear.
- SZUR2~c — Uninterpreted Uruk-period sign; appears twice in this text. May denote a commodity or processing category. Listed in ZATU but without established reading.
- ZATU678 — Sign catalogued in Green & Nissen's ZATU sign list without established Sumerian reading or clear semantic identification.
- |LAGAB~bx(HIxN04)| — A compound sign: LAGAB enclosing HI combined with the numeral N04. Meaning in this administrative context uncertain; may denote a container or commodity type.
- ZATU753 — Uninterpreted sign from the ZATU catalogue; commodity identity unknown.
- BIR AB2 — AB2 is the standard cow/cattle sign; BIR is a qualifier that may indicate a specific age, color, or status of the animal. Exact nuance debated.
- |GA2~bxNUN~b| — A compound sign; GA2-type signs often relate to containers or vessels in Uruk accounting, and NUN may be a determinative or qualifier. Precise commodity unclear.
- ZATU659 — Uninterpreted sign from the ZATU catalogue; follows PA~a (branch/ration sign), possibly a commodity distributed as rations.
- DA~a — Sign that in later Sumerian can mean 'side' or 'rib'; in Uruk-period context the reading and semantic value are uncertain.
- URU~a1 8(N57) — URU is the settlement/city sign; N57 is a large numerical unit (often interpreted as 'sixty' or a high-value count). Whether this is a place name, institutional label, or summary total is unclear.
- 8(N57) — N57 in the Uruk numerical system represents a large counted unit, possibly 60 in the discrete counting system used for animals. The precise value depends on which numerical system is in use.
Reasoning ↓
Visually, the photograph shows a small, rounded clay tablet with an archaic pictographic script consistent with the Uruk III–IV period. The tablet appears to be housed within or displayed alongside a clay envelope (visible top, bottom, and sides), which is consistent with the Uruk administrative tradition of encasing tablets. The surface is moderately well-preserved with clear wedge impressions and pictographic signs visible in raking light, though the image resolution and dark background make precise sign-by-sign confirmation difficult. I can broadly confirm the two-column layout with numerical signs (repeated vertical wedges = N01 units, and what appear to be larger impressed circles = N14/N57 units) matching the transliteration's numerical notation. The sign groupings are consistent with animal commodity lists typical of the Uruk corpus. The signs ZATU678, ZATU753, and ZATU659 are uninterpreted lexical signs catalogued in the ZATU sign list (Green & Nissen 1987) and cannot be assigned firm meanings; their visual identification from the photo cannot be verified with confidence at this resolution. The BIR AB2 combination (cattle with a marking sign) and MASZ2 (goat) are plausible readings consistent with livestock accounting documents of this period. The right-edge inscription visible in the photo likely corresponds to the URU~a1 and 8(N57) entry noted in the transliteration.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 12, 2026 · 3478 in / 1406 out tokens
Why it matters
Transliteration
5(N01) , UDU~a DIM~a? 5(N01) , HAL PAP~a 5(N01) , SZUR2~c X 4(N01) ,ZATU678? 3(N14) , |LAGAB~bx(HIxN04)| 4(N01) , ZATU753 6(N01) , MASZ2 3(N01) , BIR AB2 4(N01) , |GA2~bxNUN~b| 5(N01) , PA~a ZATU659? 3(N01) , DA~a , SZUR2~c , URU~a1 8(N57)
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (Uruk IV (ca. 3350-3200 BC) ?) — MS 3171. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Schøyen Collection, Oslo, Norway (P252182) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-4-6 (2026-05-12/v4-interpretation).
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Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
Marks the boundary between proto-writing and writing. We can see signs being used systematically — but not yet phonetically. The leap to recording speech itself comes a few centuries later.
The earliest historical document in human history. Before this, we have lists, accounts, and dedications. Here, for the first time, a ruler tells us what happened — with names, places, and consequences.