Position in chronology
Kress 151
About this tablet
A small Early Dynastic accounting tablet from southern Mesopotamia, roughly the middle of the third millennium BCE. A scribe tallies batches of a commodity written 'su-la₂' — possibly strung or hung goods — measured partly in gur, and books them under two named individuals or offices, one written with a rare sign, the other apparently a singer. The closing lines say the goods were given 'for life', a formula with a votive ring, and date the transaction to the month of the Holy Mound festival. It is a snapshot of everyday commodity bookkeeping at the dawn of the accounting tradition.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
This is a delivery note. Twenty units of su-la₂ came in, measured in heaped gur (the note may say 'Dilmun-standard'). Another 440 units are credited to a person or office written with the sign LAK240-ni. Then eight more units in gur measure, and thirty-eight units credited to NAR-ga, perhaps a singer. The goods were handed over 'for (his) life' — a phrase suggesting a pious gift or dedication — and the whole thing is dated to the month of the Holy Mound festival. A one-transaction slip from an ancient ledger.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engineObverse: 20 su-la₂, in heaped(?) gur of Dilmun(?); 7 sixties (and) 20 (= 440) su-la₂ — it is that of LAK240-ni; 8(?) su-la₂, ... gur; 40 less 2 (= 38) su-la₂ — it is that of NAR-ga (the singer?); for (his) life it was given to him. Month: Duku ("Holy Mound").
Our translation engine — Fable 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.
Engine notes
read from photo10 uncertain terms ↓
- dilmun? — Marked with a question mark in the transliteration itself; the sign(s) representing 'Dilmun' are not clearly legible in the photograph. Dilmun (the Persian Gulf / Bahrain region) does appear in ED administrative texts as a source of trade goods, but the reading here is uncertain.
- gur-ra / gur — 'Returned' (from gur, 'to turn back / return'); in administrative contexts this typically means goods returned or credited back. Could alternatively relate to the capacity measure 'gur', suggesting 'x gur of barley'.
- LAK240 — A proto-cuneiform / Early Dynastic sign not yet fully deciphered in all contexts; the LAK number refers to the Lagaš sign list. Its precise meaning here is unknown.
- ni-kam — A possessive/partitive suffix construction; could mean 'his portion', 'its share', or 'of that (commodity)'. The exact referent is unclear without broader document context.
- ga-kam — Literally 'it is the ration/milk-allocation'; ga can mean 'milk' or be used in ration-list formulas. Here likely a ration designation attached to the NAR (musician) entry.
- nam-ti — 'Life' in Sumerian; in administrative texts this can appear as part of a personal name (e.g., Nam-ti-la, 'life is given') or as a benedictory formula. Whether it is a name or a formula here is ambiguous.
- an-na-šum₂ — Could be a personal name ('Annašum', 'given by An/heaven') or a verbal clause ('it was given from/by An'). Both interpretations are lexically defensible; personal name reading is somewhat more common in administrative lists.
- la₂ (LA2) — In later Sumerian contexts: 'deficit', 'balance owed', or 'to weigh'. The precise administrative force in this early text — whether indicating a shortfall, a weighing notation, or something else — is uncertain.
- NAR — Read as 'musician' or 'singer' in later Sumerian; the phonetic value is inferred by analogy for this early period. Could conceivably be a professional title, a personal name element, or an institutional category.
- iti du6-ku3 — The month name 'Du6-kù' ('the sacred/holy mound'), conventionally the seventh month of the Nippur calendar. Month names vary by city and period, so the exact calendar system here is uncertain without clearer provenance.
Reasoning ↓
The photograph shows three views of a small, rounded (lenticular or 'bun-shaped') clay tablet characteristic of the Early Dynastic administrative corpus. The clay surface is eroded and the wedge impressions are shallow, making individual sign identification difficult at this resolution. On the obverse (top image) I can discern horizontal ruling lines dividing the surface into registers, and within those registers I can make out clusters of impressed marks consistent with numerical notations (groups of circular/semicircular impressions for large-number sexagesimal values and smaller wedge clusters), as well as what appear to be two or three logographic signs in the upper register. The middle image (edge or reverse upper portion) shows a row of circular impressed marks consistent with the large-unit numerals (gesz2-class or asz-class signs). The bottom image (reverse) shows further sign clusters divided by horizontal lines; I can tentatively identify angular wedge groupings consistent with signs like LAK240 or NAR-type signs, and what may be the DU6-KU3 compound in the last line, though resolution prevents certainty. Overall the photo is consistent with — but cannot fully verify — the provided transliteration. The Dilmun reading in line 1 is particularly uncertain as the sign cluster is not clearly legible in the photograph. The month name iti du6-ku3 (the sacred/holy mound month, the seventh month of the Sumerian calendar) is a plausible administrative closing line. No standard published edition of Kress 151 (P390443) was available to cross-check against; the transliteration is taken as provided.
Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 1243 in / 1515 out tokens
Transliteration
2(u@c) su la2 dilmun? gur-ra 7(gesz2@c) 2(u@c) su la2 LAK240 ni-kam 8(asz@c)? su la2 x gur 4(u@c) la2 2(asz@c) su la2 NAR ga-kam nam-ti an-na-szum2 iti du6-ku3
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — Kress 151. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: private: anonymous, Germany (P390443) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-fable-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).
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Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.