Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

WF 019

~2550 BCE·Early Dynastic·P010976

About this tablet

An administrative record from the city of Šuruppak (modern Fara, Iraq), written around 2600 BCE — the everyday livestock bookkeeping of one of Sumer's oldest cities. A scribe lists donkeys distributed among named individuals, including a gardener named Lumma and a fisherman named Kundu, then totals them as plow-teams under an official called UR-UR. The arithmetic still works: the 18 donkeys listed equal exactly four and a half teams of four, showing how early scribes counted work animals not by head but by the plow-teams they could pull.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

This is a donkey register. AK-NE-li has four donkeys; KA-ki-bi-še has three; Uru has four; Nig-hubu has one; Lumma the gardener has two; Kini has two; and Kundu the fisherman has two — all under the charge of UR-UR. Adding everything together, that comes to four and a half plow-teams of donkeys (eighteen animals at four per team), booked to UR-UR's account.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
Obverse: 4 donkeys — AK-NE-li; 3 — KA-ki-bi-še; 4 — Uru; 1 — Nig-hubu; 2 — Lumma, the gardener; 2 — Kini; 2 — Kundu, the fisherman; UR-UR. Summed up together (grand total): 4 and 2/4 plow-donkey (teams) — UR-UR.

Our translation engine — Fable 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
12 uncertain terms
  • AK-NE-liLikely a personal name; exact reading and etymology uncertain in the early Dynastic Fara onomasticon.
  • KA-ki-bi-sze3Possibly a destination phrase ('to its KA-ki-bi') or a personal/institutional name; the postposition -sze3 suggests directionality (allative), but the referent is unclear.
  • uru18Sign reading uncertain; may denote a commodity, animal type, or place-name element in this context.
  • nig2-hu-bu7Literally something like 'thing of hu-bu7'; exact commodity or transaction type unknown; possibly a type of grain processing or animal product.
  • lum-maPossibly a commodity (dates? a plant product?); attested in Fara texts but referent debated.
  • ki-niUncertain; could be a place name, a personal name, or a commodity designation.
  • kun-du6Uncertain; 'kun' can mean 'tail' or be a name element; 'du6' can mean 'mound/tell' or be phonetic; combination unclear in this context.
  • szu-ku6Literally ŠU + KU6 (fish); standardly read as 'fisherman's allotment' or simply 'fisherman' in early Dynastic administrative texts, but the precise administrative category is debated.
  • UR-URReduplicated UR sign; likely a personal name in the Fara onomasticon; UR alone can mean 'dog,' 'hero,' or be a name element.
  • an-sze3-gu2Possibly 'neck-load' or a tallying term ('up to the sky/total'); interpretation as a summation or load-bearing unit is uncertain.
  • ansze-apin'Plow-donkey' — donkey used for plowing; the fractional notation 2/4(asz@c) may indicate half-units or a specific ration fraction, exact value uncertain.
  • 4(asz@c) 2/4(asz@c)The fractional asz@c notation (4 and 2/4, i.e. 4.5?) is consistent with early Dynastic capacity/number notations but the precise value of the fraction needs context from the broader Fara metrological system.
Reasoning ↓

The photograph shows five views of the same small, well-preserved lenticular/cushion tablet with reddish-brown clay (VAT 9071 is clearly stamped on the lower reverse). The obverse (large central view) displays several rows of cuneiform signs separated by horizontal ruling lines; the wedge impressions are moderately clear but small, and the photo resolution limits confident sign-by-sign confirmation. On the obverse I can make out numeric notation groups (multiple vertical wedges consistent with the asz@c notation for 'units'), animal signs, and what appear to be personal name or title signs — broadly consistent with the transliteration. The reverse (lower large view) carries fewer lines, also consistent with the shorter lines at the end of the transliteration (ansze-apin, UR-UR). The edge views confirm writing wraps around all faces. Agreement with the transliteration is good at the level of structure and numeric groupings; individual sign readings cannot be verified at this resolution. The sign readings 'nu-kiri6' (gardener), 'szu-ku6' (fisherman ration/allotment), 'ansze-apin' (plow-donkey), and 'an-sze3-gu2' (neck-load/total) follow standard early Dynastic administrative vocabulary from the Fara corpus. AK-NE-li and UR-UR appear to be personal names; KA-ki-bi-sze3 is a destination or beneficiary formula. The tablet belongs to the well-studied Fara administrative archive (Deimel, Wirtschaftsurkunden aus Fara). Key uncertainties are the referents of nig2-hu-bu7, ki-ni, kun-du6, lum-ma, and the precise administrative function of an-sze3-gu2 in this context.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2058 in / 1486 out tokens

Transliteration

4(asz@c) ansze
AK-NE-li
3(asz@c) KA-ki-bi-sze3
4(asz@c) uru18
1(asz@c) nig2-hu-bu7
2(asz@c) lum-ma
nu-kiri6
2(asz@c) ki-ni
2(asz@c) kun-du6
szu-ku6
UR-UR
an-sze3-gu2
4(asz@c) 2/4(asz@c) ansze-apin
UR-UR

Scholarly note

Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 019. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Attribution

Image: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, Germany (P010976) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-fable-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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