Position in chronology
WF 139
About this tablet
A small square clay tablet from Šuruppak (modern Fara) in southern Iraq, written around 2500 BCE. It records an obligation: 25 shekels of silver and one aktum-cloth held by a man named Ur-Enki, son of NI-ba-ḫi-li, followed by a short list of other men — including one described as an attendant — who are declared 'not to know' of the matter, that is, not party to it or not answerable for it. Tablets like this from the Fara archives are among the earliest surviving documents in which private individuals, not just temples, are named as debtors and witnesses, and they show scribes already using set legal phrases to fix who owes what and who does not.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
Silver in the amount of one-third of a mina plus five shekels (twenty-five shekels in all), together with one aktum-garment, is charged to Ur-Enki, son of NI-ba-ḫi-li: he holds it and owes it. The remaining names — Giri-ni-ba-dab, Ḫe-egal, and, listed separately, NI-ḫi-li, his attendant, and Ku-an — are recorded as having no knowledge of the transaction, i.e. as not liable for it. The back of the tablet was left blank.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engine1/3 (mina) 5 shekels of silver, 1 aktum-garment — carried/received (il₂): Ur-Enki, son of NI-ba-ḫi-li, has (them) with him (i.e. owes them). Giri-ni-ba-dab₅, Ḫe-egal; apart (bar): NI-ḫi-li, his lu-munsub (attendant/herdsman), Ku-an — does/do not know (of it). (Reverse: uninscribed.)
Our translation engine — Opus 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.
Engine notes
read from photo10 uncertain terms ↓
- aktum2 — A type of garment or textile attested in Early Dynastic administrative texts from Fara; exact form and value uncertain.
- IL2 — Conventionally read as 'received' or 'carried' (a receipt notation) in Fara-period administrative documents; exact verbal/nominal function debated.
- an-da-tuku — Literally 'has with him' or 'possesses'; in administrative context could mean 'has received' or 'holds in custody.' The precise legal or administrative sense is uncertain.
- giri3-ni!-ba-dab5 — Reads literally as something like 'he seized his foot/path'; more likely a personal name or institutional phrase. The '!' in the transliteration flags a corrected or uncertain sign reading.
- HE2-e2-gal — Literally 'may the palace be plentiful'; could be a personal name (theophoric or honorary) or an institutional tag. Common as a name element in early periods.
- bar — Polysemous: 'outside', 'released', 'disbursed', or a commodity/measure term. In this administrative context, could mark goods disbursed or a person's external status. Meaning unclear.
- lu2-munsub-ni — Literally 'his barber' (lu2 = man/person; munsub = barber); could be a professional title or a name element identifying a person by occupation.
- ku3-an — Literally 'pure/sacred heaven(s)'; likely a personal name or divine epithet. Could also be an adjectival phrase modifying a preceding term.
- nu-zu — Literally 'not known' or 'does not know'; administratively may denote an unacknowledged or disputed item, an unknown party, or a standard closing formula. Unusual as a final entry.
- NI-ba-hi-li / NI-hi-li — These appear to be personal names with the element NI, which is phonetically ambiguous in Early Dynastic orthography (could be /ni/, /li/, /i/, etc.). The exact reading and etymology are uncertain.
Reasoning ↓
Visually, the obverse of the tablet (top image) shows a small, cushion-shaped Early Dynastic clay tablet with cuneiform signs pressed in a roughly gridded layout across five to six horizontal registers. The wedge impressions are moderately clear in the upper portion but become somewhat worn and compressed in the lower registers. I can tentatively identify sign clusters consistent with numeric notations in the upper left, and sign groupings plausible for the personal names listed in the transliteration (e.g., UR, EN-KI, DUMU). The lower registers are harder to read photographically due to surface wear and the angle of light. The reverse (bottom image) appears blank or nearly uninscribed, consistent with the single-face format of many early administrative tablets from Fara; the museum number 12633 is written in ink on the edge. The transliteration provided aligns broadly with what can be discerned photographically — numeric signs in the first line, followed by a commodity term, then personal names — but I cannot independently verify every sign from this photograph alone, particularly the precise readings of giri3-ni-ba-dab5 and the final lines. The term 'aktum2' is a known early textile term. 'an-da-tuku' is a standard early Sumerian phrase for possession or receipt. 'nu-zu' at the end is anomalous and could indicate an administrative notation of non-acknowledgment or a personal name element; cannot resolve from photo alone.
Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2159 in / 1413 out tokens
Transliteration
1/3(disz@c) 5(asz@c) gin2 ku3 1(asz@c) aktum2 IL2 ur-en-ki dumu NI-ba-hi-li an-da-tuku giri3-ni!-ba-dab5 HE2-e2-gal bar NI-hi-li lu2-munsub-ni ku3-an nu-zu
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIa (ca. 2600-2500 BC)) — WF 139. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, Germany (P011097) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-opus-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.