Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

SE 127

~3000 BCE·Uruk Period·P009444

About this tablet

An accounting tablet from Susa in southwestern Iran, written around 3100–2900 BCE in proto-Elamite — a script that has never been deciphered. Each line pairs a group of word-signs, probably naming commodities, workers, or institutions, with a numerical entry pressed into the clay, and the final line with its larger figure looks like the running total. We can count what the bookkeeper counted, but we still cannot say what: the numbers are legible while the words remain silent, which is exactly why tablets like this matter to the ongoing effort to crack the script.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

This is a ledger with about nine entries, each listing an item and an amount: 5 of one thing; 10 of another; 12 of a third (whatever the signs M124, M009, and M338 stood for); an entry whose amount is broken away; 11 of something; 11 and two fractional measures of an item written with three signs; 12 more; another entry whose number is lost; and finally what appears to be the bottom line — 41 plus fractions, likely the sum of the account. The item names are written in the undeciphered proto-Elamite script, so we can read the arithmetic but not the goods. Parts of the tablet are broken and several entries are incomplete.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Low confidence
(Obverse — proto-Elamite account, entries read right to left; commodity terms are undeciphered signs) [...] ... M001, M388, ..., M296+M296 — 5(N01) [5 units] [...] — 1(N14) [10 units] M124, M009, M338~b — 1(N14) 2(N01) [12 units] M388, ..., [...] — [quantity lost] [...] — 1(N14) 1(N01) [11 units] M388, M295~y(?), M219 — 1(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39B) 1(N24) [11 units plus two small-capacity fractions and one further fraction] [...] ... — 1(N14) 2(N01) [12 units] M146~d, M388(?), [...] — [quantity lost] [...] — 4(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39B) 1(N24) [41 units plus fractions; probably the total of the account]

Our translation engine — Fable 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.

Engine notes

read from photo
7 uncertain terms
  • M388Recurrent heading sign whose commodity or administrative referent is not established; may denote a category of goods, an official title, or a sub-heading. Appears multiple times, possibly as a repeated category marker.
  • M295~y?Sign reading marked as uncertain in the transliteration itself (trailing '?'). The '~y' variant designation indicates a specific graphemic variant whose identification from this tablet's surface is provisional.
  • N39BElongated impressed numeral whose commodity-specific value is debated; may represent a fractional or area unit in certain metrological systems. Its presence alongside N01/N14/N24 may indicate a mixed or capacity-counting system.
  • N14 relative to N01In most Uruk-period sexagesimal contexts N14 = 10 × N01, giving '1(N14) 2(N01)' = 12. But for some livestock or grain systems N14 may represent a different ratio. The glossary flags this ambiguity explicitly.
  • M124, M009, M338~bThree consecutive heading signs in line 3; their combined semantic meaning (commodity type, official designation, or sub-category) cannot be determined from this fragment alone without parallel tablet comparanda.
  • M146~dSpecific graphemic variant (~d) of sign M146; function in this administrative list context is uncertain.
  • total in line 9: 4(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39B) 1(N24)If N14=10×N01, this reads 41 units plus fractional N39B and N24 components. Whether this line is a subtotal or grand total cannot be determined from the surviving text.
Reasoning ↓

Visually examining the main face of the tablet (the large central image in the composite photograph): the clay surface is buff-coloured, rounded-trapezoidal in shape, and displays multiple impressed wedge and circle clusters consistent with Uruk-period proto-cuneiform. I can make out groups of horizontal wedge strokes (likely numerical entries), several circular impressions of different sizes (N01, N14, N24 type numerals), and a handful of incised pictographic signs in the upper-left quadrant of the face, consistent with the M-sign headings in the transliteration. A clear vertical dividing line is visible near the right side, consistent with columnar layout typical of these tablets. The reverse (bottom large image, labelled '127') appears largely blank with a row of small circular impressions along the right edge, likely numerical notation continuing onto the edge or reverse. The surface has a diagonal crack across the obverse and some erosion in the lower-left corner, explaining the [...] lacunae in lines 4, 5, 7, 8. I cannot verify individual M-sign readings (M001, M124, M219, M295, M338~b, M388, M146~d) with confidence from this resolution — the pictographic signs are present but too small and insufficiently sharp to confirm sign identities against the CDLI proto-cuneiform sign list. The numerical clusters are more legible and broadly consistent with the N01/N14/N24/N39B pattern the transliteration records. No serious conflict between photo and transliteration is detectable, but photo resolution prevents positive confirmation of most individual sign readings. Confidence is low because: the tablet is proto-cuneiform (meaning translation is essentially impossible in a linguistic sense), all M-sign identifications are provisional, and the metrological system(s) in use cannot be determined from the fragment alone.

Generated by Claude Sonnet 4.6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2533 in / 1293 out tokens

Transliteration

[...] x M001# M388# x |M296+M296|# , 5(N01)#
[...] , 1(N14)
M124 M009 M338~b , 1(N14) 2(N01)
M388 x [...] , [...]
[...] , 1(N14) 1(N01)
M388 M295~y? M219 , 1(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39B) 1(N24)
[...] x x , 1(N14) 2(N01)
M146~d M388#? [...] , [...]
[...] , 4(N14) 1(N01) 2(N39B) 1(N24)#

Scholarly note

Catalogue entry from CDLI (Proto-Elamite (ca. 3100-2900 BC)) — SE 127. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).

Attribution

Image: Couvent Saint-Etienne, Jerusalem (P009444) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-fable-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).

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