Position in chronology
DP 307
About this tablet
This small cushion-shaped tablet from Girsu (ancient Tello) is a household administrative record from the palace of Baranamtara's successor Sasa, wife of Urukagina, the last king of the First Dynasty of Lagash (around 2350 BCE). It logs a delivery of fish — 1,200 units of one kind and 600 of another — handed over by the official En-iggal to the cook Amar-giri16 so they could be processed into fermented fish-sauce, a staple flavoring good in Mesopotamian cuisine. Texts like this belonged to the archive of the queen's household ('E-mi'/household of Baba), which managed food production, rations, and craft labor for hundreds of dependents — giving historians an extraordinarily detailed window into daily palace economy just before the Lagash dynasty fell to Lugalzagesi of Umma.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
This record notes a shipment of fish handed over for processing: 1,200 gir-fish and 600 agargara-fish were poured out (prepared) in the month called 'the granary is opened,' so that they could be turned into fish-sauce. The overseer En-iggal delivered this fish to the cook Amar-giri16 for that purpose. The fish came from the reserve stock belonging to the household of the goddess Baba, under the authority of Sasa, wife of King Urukagina of Lagash. A final notation reads '4,' likely a subtotal or check figure in the specialized counting system used for this kind of foodstuff.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engine1200 (2(geš'u)) gir-fish — poured out (processed); 600 (1(geš'u)) agargara-fish — poured out (processed); Month: 'the granary is opened' (guru7-im-du8-a); for making into fish-sauce (ku6-hab2) — to prepare; Amar-giri16, the cook — En-iggal, the overseer (nubanda), gave (it) to him. Fish of the u2-rum (reserve/store) — (of) Baba, (for) Sasa, wife of Urukagina, king of Lagash. 4.
Our translation engine — Sonnet 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Spotted an error? Suggest a correction — confirmed corrections feed the engine's knowledge base.
Engine notes
read from photo8 uncertain terms ↓
- gir — A type of fish in Lagash administrative texts; the exact species is unknown. Sometimes read as 'knife-fish' by association with the sign's later meaning, but in this context it is simply a fish commodity name.
- agargara — Another fish type attested in Lagash texts; species unknown. The name may be onomatopoeic or descriptive of the fish's appearance.
- a-de2 / ak-de3 — Literally 'to pour' or 'for pouring'; in fish-processing contexts this likely refers to a preparatory step such as brining or delivering into a vat. The exact process is uncertain.
- ku6-hab2 — A category of processed fish, likely dried or salted; 'hab2' may carry a sense of dryness or a specific curing method. Not fully certain.
- iti guru7-im-du8-a-a — Month name literally meaning 'the month when the granary is opened/uncovered'; one of the months attested in the Early Dynastic Lagash calendar.
- URU-KA-gi-na — The ruler conventionally called Uruinimgina or Urukagina; the exact reading of the KA sign in this royal name is debated (some read it as 'inim' = 'word/command', giving Uruinimgina). The conventional anglicised form Urukagina is used here.
- 4(|ASZxDISZ@t|) — A regnal year notation, '4th year' of Uruinimgina's reign; the sign is a complex numeral notation specific to this dating convention.
- u2-rum — Meaning 'property of' or 'belonging to'; used to designate institutional ownership, here indicating the fish belong to the goddess Baba's household.
Reasoning ↓
The photograph shows a small, well-preserved lenticular clay tablet with clear cuneiform wedge impressions on the obverse (main face visible in the upper central image). The tablet is displayed in five views: obverse, reverse, and three edges. The museum number AO 13515 is visible in purple ink on the left edge. On the obverse, the grid divisions and sign groups are clearly visible, though at this resolution individual sign readings require comparison with the transliteration. The sign clusters in the upper left column correspond plausibly to numerical notations (the large quantities: 2(gesz'u) = 20, 1(gesz'u) = 10) followed by commodity names. The month name and personal names (Amar-giri, En-iggal) are visible in the middle and lower rows as denser sign clusters, broadly consistent with the transliteration. The reverse (bottom large image) shows additional sign rows including what appear to be the royal name and title entries for Uruinimgina/Uru-KA-gina, consistent with the transliteration's final lines. The sign 4(|ASZxDISZ@t|) at the end is a regnal year notation. The tablet's attribution to the household of Baba, wife of Uruinimgina, is well-supported by parallel Girsu texts of this period (Deimel, Fara; Bauer, Altsumerische Wirtschaftstexte). The reading 'ku6-hab2' as a type of dried or preserved fish is standard in Lagash corpus texts. The name 'Uru-KA-gina' follows the conventional rendering of this ruler; the reading 'Uruinimgina' is also used by some scholars but the sign sequence KA-gi-na supports 'Urukagina' as historically conventional. Cannot fully verify every individual sign from the photo at this resolution, particularly the month name and the fish-type agargara.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-12/v4-interpretation · May 16, 2026 · 2402 in / 1387 out tokens
Transliteration
2(gesz'u@c) gir a-de2 1(gesz'u@c) agargara a-de2 iti guru7-im-du8-a-a ku6-hab2-sze3 ak-de3 amar-giri16 muhaldim-ra en-ig-gal nu-banda3 e-na-szum2 ku6 u2-rum ba-ba6 sa6-sa6 dam URU-KA-gi-na lugal lagasz-ka 4(|ASZxDISZ@t|)
Scholarly note
Catalogue entry from CDLI (ED IIIb (ca. 2500-2340 BC)) — DP 307. No scholarly translation has been published; the transliteration is from the ATF (CDLI's Atf-Friendly format).
Attribution
Image: Louvre Museum, Paris, France (P220957) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-5 (2026-07-12/v7-evolved).
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One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.