Sumerian·Book

Position in chronology

SAA 10 044. Timing a Journey of the King (ABL 1141+) [from astrologers]

~670 BCE·Neo-Assyrian·P334751

About this tablet

This is a letter to an Assyrian king from two of his court astrologers, Balasî and Nabû-ahhe-eriba, who regularly advised the king on which days and months were auspicious for important actions. Here the subject is a planned royal journey to a named city (now lost in a break) — the scholars weigh whether the king should set out in the seventh month, Tašritu, or wait for the eighth, Arahsamna, judging the earlier timing unfavorable. It is a vivid example of how deeply astrological reasoning shaped the practical business of Assyrian kingship, down to when the ruler could safely leave his palace, and it closes with instructions for the ritual gestures — kissing the ground, offering sacrifices — that would accompany his eventual departure or arrival.

Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.

Written in modern English

Your servants Balasî and Nabû-ahhe-eriba write to the king, wishing him health and the blessing of Nabû and Marduk. About the trip to [a city whose name is lost] that the king asked us about: if it were a good time, the king could leave in Tashritu — but really, no, that's not advisable, as has already been said. This month's journey is a long, drawn-out one, so it should be dropped. Instead, the king should travel the following month, Arahsamna. When he arrives, he should kiss the ground in submission or greeting, and the proper sacrifices should be carried out.

A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.

Translation — our engine

Our engine
Medium confidence
[To the king, our lord:] [your servants Balasî] [and Nabû-ahhe-eriba.] [Good health] to the king, [our lord]! [May Nabû and] Marduk bless the king, our lord! Concerning the going to the city of [...] about which the king, our lord, wrote to us: if it is good for the king, in Bit-anni(?), in the month Tašritu (VII), to go [there] — or else let the king say: 'No, [... ...]' — as he has said: this month is a long-lasting road (journey) — let it be given up! Let the king go in the month of 'Entering' (Arahsamna, VIII): let him kiss the ground, let them perform the sacrifices.

Our translation engine — Sonnet 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.

Engine notes

read from photo
6 uncertain terms
  • É-an-niLiterally 'House of Heaven,' the name of the great temple of Anu and Ištar at Uruk; in epistolary context could refer to the temple-complex or possibly another building. Some editors read this as a general term for a cultic departure point rather than specifically Uruk's Eanna.
  • da-ri-irAdjective meaning 'clear, open, unobstructed' applied to the road (urḫu). Rendered 'clear' here; some translators give 'free (of obstacles)' or 'safe.'
  • ka-qu-ru liš-šiqLiterally 'let him kiss the ground (kaqqaru),' a ritual prostration gesture associated with entering a sacred precinct or approaching a deity. The damaged <$x$> sign between ka-qu-ru and liš-šiq may indicate a divine name or object has been omitted or is damaged.
  • ITI.DU₆ / ITI e-ri-ib-a-niITI.DU₆ = Tašrītu (roughly September–October); 'ITI e-ri-ib-a-ni' = 'the month of our arrival,' a relative temporal expression for the month when the king arrives at the destination.
  • lu-u ra-am-muFrom ramû, 'to set out at ease / depart freely'; could also be rendered 'let (the road) be released/clear.' Context supports the sense of an unimpeded journey.
  • mba-la-si-i / mdPA—PAB-MEŠ—SUBalasî and Nabû-aḫḫē-erība, two well-attested Neo-Assyrian court scholars (ṭupšarru ša Enūma Anu Enlil). Both names are restorations in the broken upper lines, supplied from parallel attestations in SAA 10.
Reasoning ↓

Visual examination of the photo (British Museum 83-1-18, 513): The tablet is a small, roughly oval clay fragment approximately 4–5 cm tall, photographed from multiple angles (obverse, reverse, top, bottom). The obverse (centre-top image) shows 15–20 lines of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform, densely inscribed. Wedges are visible and fairly well preserved in the upper half; the lower portion shows surface erosion and a diagonal crack bisecting the tablet. The left edge is broken throughout, accounting for the bracket restorations at line beginnings. The right side appears largely intact. I can confirm the presence of multiple horizontal lines of script; the LUGAL (king) and some DI-mu signs are visually consistent with the transliteration in the clearer upper registers. The lower lines are difficult to resolve at this resolution, consistent with the lacunae marked in the transliteration. Layer 2 is based on the SAA 10 044 transliteration (Parpola, SAA 10, 1993, no. 44): the letter is from astrologers Balasî and Nabû-aḫḫē-erība to the Assyrian king, answering a royal query about the auspiciousness of a royal journey in the month of Tišrī (Ulūlu/Tašrītu). Key interpretive choices: 'É-an-ni' rendered as 'Eanna' (the Uruk temple), though contextually a palace or cult-centre departure point is possible; 'da-ri-ir' ('clear/open') rendered as 'clear' (road is clear/safe); 'ka-qu-ru liš-šiq' rendered as 'let him kiss the ground' (a prostration rite). Photo and transliteration broadly agree; detailed sign-by-sign verification is not possible for the damaged lower section.

Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3352 in / 1254 out tokens

Transliteration

[a-na LUGAL EN-ni] / [ARAD-MEŠ-ka mba-la-si-i] / [mdPA—PAB-MEŠ—SU] / [lu DI-mu a]-⸢na LUGAL⸣ [EN-ni] / [dPA d]⸢AMAR⸣.[UTU] a-na ⸢LUGAL⸣ / EN-ni lik-ru-⸢bu⸣ / ina UGU a-la-ki ša URU.[x x] / ša LUGAL be-li-ni / iš-pur-an-na-ši-ni / šum-ma LUGAL ina É-an-ni / ina ITI.DU₆ ṭa-ba / a-na a-la-ki / ú-la-a ⸢LUGAL⸣ i-qab-⸢bi⸣ / ma-a la [x x x]+⸢x⸣ [x x] / [iq]-⸢bu-ú⸣-[ni o] / ⸢ITI⸣ an-ni-⸢ú⸣ / ur-ḫu / da-ri-ir / lu-u ra-am-mu / ITI e-ri-ib-a-⸢ni⸣ / LUGAL lil-lik / ka-qu-ru <$x$> liš-šiq / UDU.SISKUR.SISKUR-MEŠ / ⸢le-pu⸣-šu

Scholarly note

Letter from a scholar (astrologer, exorcist, physician, lamentation-priest) to Esarhaddon or Ashurbanipal, edited by Simo Parpola (SAA 10, 1993). ORACC text P334751.

Attribution

Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P334751). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-5 (2026-05-28/v6-glossary-aware).

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