Position in chronology
SAA 17 083. Pardoning the Offences of Borsippa (ABL 1076)
About this tablet
This is a fragmentary Neo-Assyrian letter, part of the correspondence dealing with the city of Borsippa in southern Mesopotamia — a sacred city whose citizens claimed 'kidinnu' status, a form of royal protection that exempted them from certain punishments and obligations. The writer, likely a scholar or official reporting to the king, discusses sorting out who among the accused deserves mercy and who should remain guilty, invoking precedent set by an earlier king (the addressee's father) in dealings with a man named Rimūtu. It offers a rare glimpse into how Assyrian kings balanced justice, loyalty, and the special legal privileges granted to certain temple cities.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
The letter reports on an investigation into wrongdoing, apparently among people connected to Borsippa. The writer proposes: let me look into each case, and however many are guilty, let the ones with lesser offenses be shown mercy, kept on as loyal subjects, and placed under the king's protection. The people of Borsippa, it says, hold a special protected status; because of this, an offender was pardoned — on condition that he behaves himself for the rest of his life and never breaks the law again. The letter then recalls that the previous king had once given instructions to a man named Rimūtu concerning a temple official whose deputy(?) had died — but the tablet breaks off before we learn the details.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engineWith [......] the king, my lord [......], one [......], as many as there are, let me investigate [their] gui[lt]. Those whose guilt is mi[nor, let him grant them] mercy, and let him be counted among [his loyal servants], and let him be entrusted to the king's guard. The men of Borsippa [......] enjoy kidinnu-privilege (protected status). Because of [his] guilt they forgave him; as long as he lives [he shall bless them], and he shall not commit another offence. The king, your father, said to Rimūtu as follows: 'The šatammu (temple-overseer) [......], his ... is dead [......] [......] [......].'
Our translation engine — Sonnet 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Engine notes
read from photo7 uncertain terms ↓
- LÚ.ki-di-nu-ú — The 'kidīnu' is a person enjoying special protected status, possibly a temple dependent or someone under divine/royal protection; the exact legal nuance remains debated in Assyriological literature (cf. Parpola, SAA 17 commentary).
- pa-[a-ḫi re-e-ma] liš-kun-ma — Restoration: 'let him show mercy / grant clemency'. The restoration 're-e-ma' (mercy) is plausible given formulaic epistolary contexts but is not preserved in the photo.
- ARAD-MEŠ-šú lim-ni — Literally 'his servants, the wicked/evil ones'; restoration of 'lim-ni' is uncertain — could also be restored differently. The passage may mean placement among condemned servants.
- mri-⸢mu⸣-[tu] — Personal name Rimūtu, a known Neo-Assyrian name ('the one who has granted mercy / shown favour'); the second element is broken and restored.
- LÚ.GAR—UMUŠ — Logographic writing for a governor or official title (šākin ṭēmi, 'governor'); the exact title and the signs following are broken.
- ši-in-di-šú — 'His team' or 'his yoke-fellow / team-mate'; from šindu, referring to a chariot team or paired official; the meaning in this administrative context is uncertain.
- lu-sa-an-niq — G-stem precative of sanāqu, 'to examine / check / verify'; here 'let me examine/verify [the offences]'.
Reasoning ↓
Photo examined directly. The tablet is a small, roughly triangular clay fragment photographed from multiple angles (obverse, reverse, left edge, right edge, and upper/lower surfaces). The obverse (top-centre image) shows approximately 8–10 lines of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform; individual wedges are visible but at this resolution many signs cannot be read with certainty — the left margin is partially intact while the right edge is broken away, consistent with the heavy lacunae in the transliteration. The second and third views (middle rows) show the reverse and lower surface: the reverse carries perhaps 5–6 more lines, also with the right side broken; the bottom view shows a largely eroded surface with only faint traces. The museum label 'No. 64' is visible on the left edge. The general sign density and tablet format (lenticular/elongated) are consistent with a Neo-Assyrian letter. I can confirm the presence of multiple lines with cuneiform sign clusters on the obverse and some signs on the reverse, but individual sign verification against the transliteration is not possible at this photo resolution — especially in the heavily broken right-hand portions. The transliteration itself (SAA 17 083) is a composite text drawing on several manuscripts. Key interpretive uncertainties include the meaning of 'kidīnu' status, the restoration of 'lim-ni' (evil/wicked), and the referent of 'Rimūtu'.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3444 in / 1063 out tokens
Transliteration
it-⸢ti⸣ [x x x x x x x x] / LUGAL be-lí-a ⸢x⸣ 01 ⸢x⸣+[x x ma-la] / i-ba-áš-šú-ú ḫi-[ṭu-šú-nu] / lu-sa-an-niq [x x x x x] / šá ḫi-ṭu-šú-nu pa-[a-ḫi re-e-ma] / liš-kun-ma it-⸢ti⸣ [ARAD-MEŠ-šú lim-ni] / ù a-na EN.NUN šá ⸢LUGAL⸣ [lip-qid] / LÚ.BÁR.SIPA.KI-MEŠ ⸢x⸣+[x x x] / LÚ.ki-di-nu-ú áš-šá ḫi-ṭu-[šú] / ir-te-mu-šú a-di bal-⸢ṭu⸣ [i-kar-rab-šú] / u ḫi-ṭu šá-nam-⸢ma⸣ [ul i-ḫaṭ-ṭu] / LUGAL a-bu-ka a-na mri-⸢mu⸣-[tu] / iq-ta-bi um-ma LÚ.GAR—UMUŠ ⸢x⸣+[x x] / ši-in-di-šú mi-i-⸢tu⸣ [x x x] / ⸢x⸣+[x x] ⸢x⸣+[x x x x x x x x]
Scholarly note
Babylonian-language letter to Sargon II or Sennacherib, edited by Manfried Dietrich (SAA 17, 2003). ORACC text P240131.
Attribution
Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P240131). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-5 (2026-05-28/v6-glossary-aware).
Related tablets
Related sources
One of the earliest specimens of human writing. Not literature, not law — accounting. The need to keep track of grain in a temple bureaucracy is what pushed marks-on-clay into a system that could one day carry epics.
A window into the world's first total state. The Ur III administration tracked every animal, every worker, every shekel — for a population in the millions. The level of paperwork was not exceeded until the modern era.
Part of the earliest known body of international diplomatic correspondence. Akkadian, written in cuneiform on clay, was the lingua franca of Late Bronze Age statecraft — used between Egypt, the Hittites, Mitanni, Babylon, Assyria, and the Levantine vassals.