Position in chronology
SAA 15 072. Adda-rami and Horses (CT 53 606)
About this tablet
This is a small fragment of a Neo-Assyrian letter addressed to the king, part of the State Archives of Assyria collection of royal correspondence from provincial officials. The surviving lines mention a man named Adda-rami and repeatedly refer to horses — including a specific group of three — with a verb suggesting the animals became frightened or bolted. Such letters were routine field reports to the Assyrian court, often about military horses, requisitions, or transport along the royal road network, and this one likely concerns some mishap or incident involving a small string of horses being delivered or managed on the king's behalf.
Plain-language summary by the engine — meant as a doorway into the literal translation below.
Written in modern English
A royal official writes to the Assyrian king: 'To my lord the king — your servant [Bel-eriba?] writes. May all be well with my lord the king! Regarding Adda-rami and [some others]… they shut [something] and went out… I took [it/them]… they brought [it] along the road. Truly, now — [there are some] horses… three horses… concerning those three horses, they bolted [in fright].' The rest of the report is broken away and cannot be read.
A modern paraphrase of the literal translation — same content, contemporary voice.
Translation — our engine
Our engine[To the king], my [lord]: [your servant, Bel]-eriba(?). [Good health to] the king, my [lord]! […] Adda-rami […] brother(s)/allies […]… [… the king], my lord […] […]… […] they shut, they went out/took… […] which I took. […] they brought (it) by the road/on campaign. [… tr]uly, now […] horses […] 3 horses […] concerning 3 horses […] they became frightened / bolted. […]… […] (broken off)
Our translation engine — Sonnet 5. Reads the photo, translates the cuneiform, and writes a plain-language interpretation. See methodology for limits.
Engine notes
read from photo5 uncertain terms ↓
- md10—ra-mi — The divine determinative + logogram 10 (= Adad/dAdad) + ra-mi; the name is Adda-rami, 'Adad is exalted/merciful.' The reading of the first element as Adad (10) rather than another deity is standard for this name in Neo-Assyrian.
- a-ḫu-la — Context broken; possibly a toponym, a personal name, or a form meaning 'he wept/lamented' (aḫālu). Cannot resolve without more context.
- ir-tu-ʾu-bu — Restored verb, likely from raʾābu ('to tremble, be agitated') in the G-stem preterite 3pl, describing the horses. Restoration is plausible but not certain given the lacuna.
- ke-e-tu — Standard Akkadian kēttu/kītu ('truth, justice'); here used adverbially 'in truth, truly.' Restoration partially supplied by editors.
- KASKAL ú-bi-lu-ni — Literally 'they brought (it/them) on the road/journey'; KASKAL can mean 'road,' 'campaign,' or 'journey.' Context suggests transport of horses.
Reasoning ↓
Photo examination: The tablet is identified as K.15011 (British Museum), a small clay fragment photographed from multiple angles — obverse, reverse, left and right edges, top and bottom. The obverse (upper centre panel) shows roughly 10–12 lines of Neo-Assyrian cursive cuneiform; the surface is heavily eroded and chipped along all edges, with the upper-left corner and lower portion broken away. Individual wedges are visible in the upper rows but increasingly indistinct toward the lower half. The reverse (upper right panel) shows further faint impressions, partially legible. The lower fragment views show the edges and bottom, largely unscribed or too worn to read signs individually at this resolution. Cross-check: The visible wedge clusters on the obverse are consistent with short Neo-Assyrian signs in the expected positions for a letter incipit and body, broadly matching the transliteration's layout; I can tentatively confirm sign groups in lines 1–4 align in spacing with [a-na LUGAL] / [ARAD-ka] / [DI-mu] formulae, but cannot verify individual signs due to resolution and erosion. The personal name m10-ra-mi (= Adda-rami, where '10' is the Sumerogram for Adad) and the horse terminology (ANŠE.KUR.RA-MEŠ) in the lower lines are consistent with SAA 15 072 as published by Luukko & Van Buylaere (2002). The verb ir-tu-ʾu-bu ('they trembled/were agitated') is restored and uncertain. Cannot verify the broken passages from the photo alone.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · prompt 2026-05-11/v3-conventions · May 11, 2026 · 3395 in / 972 out tokens
Transliteration
[a-na LUGAL be-lí-ía] / [ARAD-ka md]⸢EN⸣—SU / [lu DI-mu a-na LUGAL be]-lí-ía / [x x x x x m]10—ra-mi / [x x x x x a]-ḫu-la / [x x x x x]-⸢iq⸣ / [x x x x x LUGAL] EN-⸢ía⸣ / [x x x x x x x x]+⸢x⸣ / [x x x x x] ⸢ab x⸣+[x x] / [x x x i]-du-lu i-si-[x] / [x x x x]-⸢im⸣-ma šá al-qu-u-⸢ni⸣ / [x x x x]+⸢x⸣ KASKAL ú-bi-lu-⸢ni⸣ / [x x x ke]-⸢e⸣-tu ú-ma-a / [x x x x] ANŠE.KUR.RA-MEŠ / [x x x x]-ni 03 ⸢ANŠE.KUR⸣.RA-MEŠ / [x x x x x]+⸢x⸣ ina UGU 03 ANŠE.KUR.RA-MEŠ / [x x x x ir]-⸢tu⸣-ʾu-bu / [x x x x x]+⸢x⸣ a / [x x x x x x x]
Scholarly note
Royal correspondence from Babylonia and the eastern provinces under Sargon II, edited by Andreas Fuchs & Simo Parpola (SAA 15, 2001). ORACC text P314018.
Attribution
Image: BM — (British Museum, London, UK) — from Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik) — Photo via Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (cdli.earth/artifacts, P314018). source
Translation excerpted from engine:claude-sonnet-5 (2026-05-28/v6-glossary-aware).
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